Vasudeva I

Template:Short description Template:Use dmy dates Template:Use Indian English Template:Infobox royalty Template:Location map+ Template:Kushan rulers Vāsudeva I (Kushano Bactrian: Βαζοδηο Bazodeo; Middle Brahmi: 𑀯𑀸𑀲𑀼𑀤𑁂𑀯; Template:IAST, Chinese: 波調 Bodiao; fl. 200 CE) was a Kushan emperor, last of the "Great Kushans."<ref name="KR202"/> Named inscriptions dating from year 64 to 98 of Kanishka's era suggest his reign extended from at least 191 to 232 CE. He ruled in Northern India and Central Asia, where he minted coins in the city of Balkh (Bactria). He probably had to deal with the rise of the Sasanians and the first incursions of the Kushano-Sasanians in the northwest of his territory.<ref name="KR202"/>

The last named inscription of his predecessor, Huvishka, was in the year 60 of the Kanishka era (187 CE), and the Chinese evidence suggests he was still ruling as late as 229 CE.

His name "Vāsudeva", is that of the popular Hindu God Vāsudeva, which refers to Krishna, and he was the first Kushan king to be named after the Indian God. He converted to Hinduism during his reign.<ref name="COI">Coins of India Calcutta : Association Press ; New York : Oxford University Press, 1922</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> His name reinforces the notion that his center of power was in Mathura.<ref name="KR202"/>

Contacts with China

In the Chinese historical chronicle Sanguozhi (三國志), he is recorded to have sent tribute to the Chinese emperor Cao Rui of the Wei in 229 CE (3rd year of Taihe 太和), :

"The king of the Da Yuezhi, Bodiao (波調) (Vāsudeva), sent his envoy to present tribute and His Majesty granted him a title of "King of the Da Yuezhi Intimate with Wei (魏)"." (Sanguozhi)

He is the last Kushan ruler to be mentioned in Chinese sources.<ref name="KR202"/> His rule corresponds to the retreat of Chinese power from Central Asia, and it is thought that Vasudeva may have filled the power vacuum in that area.<ref name="KR202"/> The great expansion of the Dharmaguptaka Buddhist group in Central Asia during this period has also been related to this event.

Coinage

The coinage of Vasudeva consisted in gold dinars and quarter dinars, as well as copper coins. Vasudeva almost entirely removed the pantheon of deities displayed in the coinage of Kanishka and Huvishka. Apart from a few coins with the effigies of Mao and Nana, all of Vasudeva's coins feature Oesho on the reverse, who is generally identified as Shiva.<ref name="COI"/><ref name="PP29"/> On the obverse, Vasudeva restored the royal imagery of Kanishka, with the standing, making a sacrifice over an altar, although he holds a trident rather than Kanishka's spear and he appears nimbate. Another trident is sometimes also added over the small sacrificial altar. At the end of his rule, Vasudeva introduced the nandipada symbol (File:Triratna black.jpg) on his coinage.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Sassanid invasion in the northwest

Vasudeva I was the last great Kushan emperor, and the end of his rule coincides with the invasion of the Sassanians as far as northwestern India, and the establishment of the Indo-Sassanians or Kushanshahs from around 240 CE.<ref name="KR202">Template:Cite book</ref> Vasudeva I may have lost the territory of Bactria with its capital in Balkh to Ardashir I Kushanshah. Thereafter, Kushan rule would be restricted to their eastern territories, in western and central Punjab.

• Ardashir I Kushanshah in the name of Vasudeva circa 230-245 CE.jpg

  An imitation of a coin of Vasudeva I, by the Kushano-Sasanian ruler Ardashir I Kushanshah, Template:Circa CE.<ref>CNG Coins</ref>

• Peroz I Kushanshah.jpg

  Gold coin of Peroz I Kushanshah (246-275 CE), imitating the design of Vasudeva I, minted at Balkh.<ref name="JC98">Template:Cite journal</ref>

Statuary

File:Inscription Maharaja Devaputra Vasudeva Year 93.jpg

Buddha statue of Vasudeva I, pedestal inscription: "In the 93rd year" (𑀲𑀁𑁣𑁔) of "Great King, son of God, Vasudeva" (File:Gupta ashoka m.svgFile:Gupta ashoka h.svgFile:Gupta allahabad raa.jpgFile:Gupta ashoka j.svg_{File:Gupta ashoka sya.svg} File:Gupta ashoka d.svgFile:Gupta ashoka v.svg_{File:Gupta ashoka pu.jpgFile:Gupta ashoka tr.jpgFile:Gupta ashoka sya.svg} File:Gupta allahabad vaa.jpgFile:Gupta allahabad su.jpgFile:Gupta ashoka de.svgFile:Gupta ashoka v.svg Mahārājasya Devaputrasya Vāsudeva, from the start of the first line). Mathura Museum. Photograph of the pedestal.

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} The relatively peaceful reign of Vasudeva is marked by an important artistic production, in particular in the area of statuary.<ref name="KR202"/> Several Buddhist statues are dated to the reign of Vasudeva, and are important markers for the chronology of Buddhist art.<ref name="PC"/>

An inscription on the base of the Buddha statue of Vasudeva I is also known from the Mathura Museum: "In the 93rd year of Maharaja Devaputra Vasudeva...", probably corresponding to Template:Circa, or 220 CE with the more recent definition of the Kanishka era as starting in 127 CE.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> A partially preserved Sakyamuni statue, also from Mathura, has the date "Year 94", although without mentioning Vasudeva specifically.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Dedications in the name of Vasudeva, with dates, also appear on Jain statuary discovered in Mathura.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Statuary dated to the reign of Vasudeva I

Hashtnagar Buddha Year 384 original body only.jpg Hashtnagar Buddha, inscribed with "year 384" (probably of the Yavana era), hence 209 CE.<ref name="PC">Template:Cite bookTemplate:Free access</ref> Hashtnagar Buddha piedestal Year 384.jpg Pedestal of the Hashtnagar Buddha statue, now in the British Museum, inscribed with "year 384" (probably of the Yavana era), hence 209 CE.<ref name="PC"/> The inscription reads in the Kharoshthi script: sam 1 1 1 100 20 20 20 20 4 Prothavadasa masasa divasammi pamcami 4 1 ("In the year 384, on the fifth, 5, day of the month Prausthapada").<ref>Problems of Chronology in Gandharan Art p.37</ref> The pedestal was sawed off from the body of the statue by L. White King in 1883 and brought to the British Museum.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> British Museum Mamane Dheri sculpture Year 89.jpg Mamane Dheri Buddha, inscribed with "Year 89" (probably of the Kanishka era), hence 216 CE.<ref name="PC"/> Peshawar Museum. Sakyamuni statue of the Year 94.jpg Sakyamuni statue of the "Year 94" (221 CE). Mathura Museum.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Bibliography

• Falk, Harry (2001). "The yuga of Sphujiddhvaja and the era of the Kuṣâṇas." Silk Road Art and Archaeology VII, pp. 121–136.
• Falk, Harry (2004). "The Kaniṣka era in Gupta records." Harry Falk. Silk Road Art and Archaeology X, pp. 167–176.
• Sims-Williams, Nicholas (1998). "Further notes on the Bactrian inscription of Rabatak, with an Appendix on the names of Kujula Kadphises and Vima Taktu in Chinese." Proceedings of the Third European Conference of Iranian Studies Part 1: Old and Middle Iranian Studies. Edited by Nicholas Sims-Williams. Wiesbaden. Pp, 79-93.

External links

• Coins of Vasudeva
• Coins of late Kushan emperors
• Vasudeva coin
• Online catalogue of coins of Vasudeva