Template:Short description Template:Redirect-several Template:Automatic taxobox
Hydrangea (Template:IPAc-en<ref>Template:Cite Cambridge Dictionaries</ref><ref>Template:Cite Merriam-Webster</ref> or Template:IPAc-en<ref>Sunset Western Garden Book, 1995: 606–607</ref>) is a genus of more than 70 species of flowering plants native to Asia and the Americas. Hydrangea is also used as the common name for the genus; some (particularly H. macrophylla) are also often called hortensia.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The genus was first described from Virginia in North America,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> but by far the greatest species diversity is in eastern Asia, notably China, Korea, and Japan. Most are shrubs Template:Cvt tall, but some are small trees, and others lianas reaching up to Template:Cvt by climbing up trees. They can be either deciduous or evergreen, though the widely cultivated temperate species are all deciduous.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The flowers of many hydrangeas act as natural pH indicators, producing blue flowers when the soil is acidic and pink ones when the soil is alkaline.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
EtymologyEdit
Hydrangea is derived from Greek and means 'water vessel' (from {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} húdōr "water" + {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ángos or {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} angeîon "vessel"),<ref name="hudorAGEL">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="angosAGEL">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="angeionAGEL">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> in reference to the shape of its seed capsules.<ref name="gledhill">Template:Cite book</ref> The earlier name, Hortensia, is a Latinised version of the French given name Hortense, honoring the French astronomer and mathematician Nicole-Reine Hortense Lepaute.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Philibert Commerson attempted to name the flower Lepautia or Peautia after Lepaute. However, the flower's accepted name later became Hortensia. This led to people believing Lepaute's name was Hortense, but the Larousse remarks that this is erroneous, and that the name probably came from hortus, garden.<ref name=Lynn>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Life cycleEdit
Hydrangea flowers are produced from early spring to late autumn; they grow in flowerheads (corymbs or panicles) most often at the ends of the stems. Typically the flowerheads contain two types of flowers: small non-showy fertile flowers in the center or interior of the flowerhead, and large, sterile showy flowers with large colorful sepals (tepals). These showy flowers are often extended in a ring, or to the exterior of the small flowers. Plants in wild populations typically have few to none of the showy flowers, while cultivated hydrangeas have been bred and selected to have more of the larger type flowers.
There are two flower arrangements in hydrangeas with corymb style inflorescences, which includes the commonly grown "bigleaf hydrangea"—Hydrangea macrophylla. Mophead flowers are large round flowerheads resembling pom-poms or, as the name implies, the head of a mop. In contrast, lacecap flowers bear round, flat flowerheads with a center core of subdued, small flowers surrounded by outer rings of larger flowers having showy sepals or tepals. The flowers of some rhododendrons and viburnums can appear, at first glance, similar to those of some hydrangeas.
Colors and soil acidityEdit
Hydrangea flower color can change based on the pH in soil. As the graph depicts, soil with a pH of 5.5 or lower will produce blue flowers, a pH of 6.5 or higher will produce pink hydrangeas, and soil in between 5.5 and 6.5 will have purple hydrangeas. White hydrangeas cannot be color-manipulated by soil pH because they do not produce pigment for color. In other words, while the hue of the inflorescence is variable dependent upon cultural factors, the color saturation is genetically predetermined. In most species, the flowers are white. In some, however, (notably H. macrophylla), they can be blue, red, or purple, with color saturation levels ranging from the palest of pinks, lavenders & powder blues, to deep, rich purples, reds, and royal blues. In these species, floral color change occurs due to the availability of aluminium ions, a variable which itself depends upon the soil pH.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> For H. macrophylla and H. serrata cultivars, the flower color can be determined by the relative acidity of the soil: an acidic soil (pH below 7), will have available aluminium ions and typically produce flowers that are blue to purple,<ref>Template:Cite EB1911.</ref> whereas an alkaline soil (pH above 7) will tie up aluminium ions and result in pink or red flowers. This is caused by a color change of the flower pigments in the presence of aluminium ions which can be taken up into hyperaccumulating plants.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
SpeciesEdit
97 species are accepted.<ref name = powo>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Template:Div col
- Hydrangea acuminata Template:Small
- Hydrangea albostellata Template:Small
- Hydrangea alternifolia Template:Small
- Hydrangea × amagiana Template:Small
- Hydrangea amamiohsimensis Template:Small
- Hydrangea ampla Template:Small
- Hydrangea anomala Template:Small – (climbing hydrangea) Himalaya, southwest China
- Hydrangea arborescens Template:Small – (smooth hydrangea) eastern North America
- Hydrangea arguta Template:Small
- Hydrangea aspera Template:Small – China, Himalaya
- Hydrangea asterolasia Template:Small
- Hydrangea barbara Template:Small
- Hydrangea bifida Template:Small
- Hydrangea breedlovei Template:Small
- Hydrangea bretschneideri Template:Small – China
- Hydrangea caerulea Template:Small
- Hydrangea carroniae Template:Small
- Hydrangea chungii Template:Small – China
- Hydrangea cinerea Template:Small – (ashy hydrangea) eastern United States
- Hydrangea coenobialis Template:Small – China
- Hydrangea corylifolia Template:Small
- Hydrangea crassa Template:Small
- Hydrangea daimingshanensis Template:Small
- Hydrangea davidii Template:Small – China
- Hydrangea densifolia Template:Small
- Hydrangea diplostemona Template:Small
- Hydrangea fauriei Template:Small
- Hydrangea febrifuga Template:Small (syn. Dichroa febrifuga) – central & southern China to Malesia and New Guinea
- Hydrangea glaucescens Template:Small – China, Myanmar and Vietnam
- Hydrangea gracilis Template:Small – China
- Hydrangea heteromalla Template:Small – Himalaya, west and north China
- Hydrangea hirsuta Template:Small
- Hydrangea hirta Template:Small – Japan
- Hydrangea hwangii Template:Small
- Hydrangea hydrangeoides Template:Small – Ulleungdo, Japan, Kurils
- Hydrangea hypoglauca Template:Small – China
- Hydrangea integrifolia Template:Small – China
- Hydrangea involucrata Template:Small – Japan, Taiwan
- Hydrangea jelskii Template:Small – Andes
- Hydrangea kawagoeana Template:Small
- Hydrangea kwangsiensis Template:Small – China
- Hydrangea kwangtungensis Template:Small – China
- Hydrangea lalashanensis Template:Small
- Hydrangea lingii Template:Small – China
- Hydrangea linkweiensis Template:Small – China
- Hydrangea liukiuensis Template:Small
- Hydrangea lobbii Template:Small
- Hydrangea longifolia Template:Small – China
- Hydrangea longipes Template:Small – western China
- Hydrangea luteovenosa Template:Small
- Hydrangea macrocarpa Template:Small – China
- Hydrangea macrophylla Template:Small – (bigleaf hydrangea) southeast Japan, southern China
- Hydrangea mangshanensis Template:Small – China
- Hydrangea marunoi Template:Small
- Hydrangea mathewsii Template:Small
- Hydrangea megalocarpa Template:Small
- Hydrangea minamitanii Template:Small
- Hydrangea × mizushimarum Template:Small
- Hydrangea moellendorffii Template:Small
- Hydrangea mollissima Template:Small
- Hydrangea nahaensis Template:Small
- Hydrangea nebulicola Template:Small
- Hydrangea obtusifolia Template:Small
- Hydrangea ofeliae Template:Small
- Hydrangea otontepecensis Template:Small
- Hydrangea paniculata Template:Small – (panicled hydrangea) eastern China, Japan, Korea, Sakhalin
- Hydrangea peruviana Template:Small – Costa Rica and Panama, Andes
- Hydrangea petiolaris Template:Small – (climbing hydrangea) Japan, Korea, Sakhalin
- Hydrangea pingtungensis Template:Small
- Hydrangea platyarguta Template:Small
- Hydrangea pottingeri Template:Small (synonym Hydrangea chinensis Template:Small) – Arunachal Pradesh, Myanmar, southeastern China, and Taiwan
- Hydrangea preslii Template:Small
- Hydrangea quercifolia Template:Small – (oakleaf hydrangea) southeast United States
- Hydrangea radiata Template:Small – (silverleaf hydrangea) southeast United States
- Hydrangea robusta Template:Small – China, Himalaya
- Hydrangea sargentiana Template:Small – western China
- Hydrangea scandens Template:Small – southern Japan south to the Philippines
- Hydrangea serrata Template:Small – Japan, Korea
- Hydrangea serratifolia Template:Small – Chile, western Argentina
- Hydrangea sikokiana Template:Small
- Hydrangea sousae Template:Small
- Hydrangea steyermarkii Template:Small
- Hydrangea strigosa Template:Small – China
- Hydrangea stylosa Template:Small – China
- Hydrangea taiwaniana Template:Small
- Hydrangea tapalapensis Template:Small
- Hydrangea tarapotensis Template:Small – Andes
- Hydrangea tomentella Template:Small
- Hydrangea × versicolor Template:Small
- Hydrangea viburnoides Template:Small
- Hydrangea wallichii Template:Small
- Hydrangea xanthoneura Template:Small – China
- Hydrangea xinfeniae Template:Small
- Hydrangea yaoshanensis Template:Small
- Hydrangea yayeyamensis Template:Small
- Hydrangea × ytiensis Template:Small
- Hydrangea yunnanensis Template:Small
- Hydrangea zhewanensis Template:Small – China
Fossil recordEdit
Template:ExtinctHydrangea alaskana is a fossil species recovered from Paleogene strata at Jaw Mountain Alaska.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> †Hydrangea knowltoni has been described from leaves and flowers recovered from the Miocene Langhian Latah Formation of the inland Pacific Northwest United states. The related Miocene species †Hydrangea bendirei is known to from the Mascall Formation in Oregon, and †Hydrangea reticulata is documented from the Weaverville Formation in California.<ref name="Knowlton1926">Template:Cite report</ref><ref name="Columbia1959">Template:Cite bookTemplate:HathiTrust Catalog</ref>
Four fossil seeds of †Hydrangea polonica have been extracted from borehole samples of the Middle Miocene fresh water deposits in Nowy Sacz Basin, West Carpathians, Poland.<ref>Łańcucka-Środoniowa M.: Macroscopic plant remains from the freshwater Miocene of the Nowy Sącz Basin (West Carpathians, Poland) [Szczątki makroskopowe roślin z miocenu słodkowodnego Kotliny Sądeckiej (Karpaty Zachodnie, Polska)]. Acta Palaeobotanica 1979 20 (1): 3-117.</ref>
Cultivation and usesEdit
Hydrangeas are popular ornamental plants, grown for their large flowerheads, with Hydrangea macrophylla being by far the most widely grown. It has over 600 named cultivars, many selected to have only large sterile flowers in the flowerheads. Hydrangea macrophylla, also known as bigleaf hydrangea, can be broken up into two main categories; mophead hydrangea and lacecap hydrangea. Some are best pruned on an annual basis when the new leaf buds begin to appear. If not pruned regularly, the bush will become very "leggy", growing upwards until the weight of the stems is greater than their strength, at which point the stems will sag down to the ground and possibly break. Other species only flower on "old wood". Thus, new wood resulting from pruning will not produce flowers until the following season.
The following cultivars and species have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit under the synonym Schizophragma:<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- S. hydrangeoides var. concolor 'Moonlight'<ref name=RHSPF>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- S. hydrangeoides var. hydrangeoides 'Roseum'<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- S. integrifolium<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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Hydrangea root and rhizome are indicated for the treatment of conditions of the urinary tract in the Physicians' Desk Reference for Herbal Medicine and may have diuretic properties.<ref>PDR for Herbal Medicine 3rd Edition Page 453</ref> Hydrangeas are moderately toxic if eaten, with all parts of the plant containing cyanogenic glycosides.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Hydrangea paniculata is reportedly sometimes smoked as an intoxicant, despite the danger of illness and/or death due to the cyanide.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
The flowers on a hydrangea shrub can change from blue to pink or from pink to blue from one season to the next depending on the acidity level of the soil.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Adding organic materials such as coffee grounds and citrus peel will increase acidity and turn hydrangea flowers blue.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> A popular pink hydrangea called Vanilla Strawberry has been named "Top Plant" by the American Nursery and Landscape Association.
A hybrid "Runaway Bride Snow White", from Japan, won Plant of the Year at the 2018 RHS Chelsea Flower Show.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In cultureEdit
In Japan, ama-cha ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}), meaning sweet tea, is another herbal tea made from Hydrangea serrata, whose leaves contain a substance that develops a sweet taste (phyllodulcin). For the fullest taste, fresh leaves are crumpled, steamed, and dried, yielding dark brown tea leaves. Ama-cha is mainly used for kan-butsu-e (the Buddha bathing ceremony) on April 8 every year—the day thought to be Buddha's birthday in Japan. During the ceremony, ama-cha is poured over a statue of Buddha and served to people in attendance. A legend has it that on the day Buddha was born, nine dragons poured Amrita over him; ama-cha is substituted for Amrita in Japan.
In Korean tea, Hydrangea serrata is used for an herbal tea called sugukcha ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) or isulcha ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}).
The pink hydrangea has risen in popularity all over the world, especially in Asia. The given meaning of pink hydrangeas is popularly tied to the phrase "you are the beat of my heart," as described by the celebrated Korean florist Tan Jun Yong, who was quoted saying, "The light delicate blush of the petals reminds me of a beating heart, while the size could only match the heart of the sender!"<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Hydrangea quercifolia was declared the official state wildflower of the U.S. state of Alabama in 1999.<ref>State Botanical SymbolsBy Alan McPherson, p.3</ref>
Hydrangeas were used by the Cherokee people of what is now the Southern U.S. as a mild diuretic and cathartic; it was considered a valuable remedy for stone and gravel in the bladder.<ref name="Library of Congress">Template:Cite book</ref>
Extrafloral nectaries were reported on hydrangea species by Zimmerman 1932, but Elias 1983 regards this as "doubtful".<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
GalleryEdit
- Hortensiapink.JPG
- Hydrangea close up.jpg
Hydrangea flowers close up.
- Pink Hydrangea Flowers.jpg
Flowers
- Hydrangea-heads-pale.png
Hydrangea macrophylla, flowers
- Blue Hydrangea.jpg
Hydrangea macrophylla, flowers
- Hydrangea redoute.JPG
Hydrangea sp painted by the botanical artist Redouté.
- Hydrangea quericifolia2.jpg
Hydrangea quercifolia
- Hydrangea leaves.jpg
Hydrangea macrophylla, leaves
- Wild hydrangea var annabelle.jpg
Wild Hydrangea v. Annabelle
Hydrangea arborescens - Hydrangea arborescens.jpg
Wild Hydrangea v. Annabelle
Hydrangea arborescens - Hydrangea arborescens annabelle.JPG
8" Annabelle Hydrangea Bloom. Hydrangea arborescens.
- Hydrangea-aspera-zoo-cgn-07074-mutante.jpg
Hydrangea aspera ssp. sargentiana
- BlueHydrangea.JPG
- Hydrangea paniculata IMG 6629.JPG
- Hydranchia.JPG
Hydrangea flowers from Kerala, India
- Hydrangeas corner.JPG
Hydrangeas in front of the Office de Tourisme Building in Chartres, France
- Hydrangea-08-10-08.JPG
Hydrangea flowers at the "Cerro El Avila" National Park, Venezuela
- Hydrangeea.jpg
Hydrangea flowers, Srinagar, Kashmir, India
- Hydrangea flowers in the rain.jpg
Hydrangea flowers
- Petrópolis - Cidade das Hortências e do Russo - Nevoeiro.jpg
Hydrangea flowers in Petrópolis, Brazil
- Lagonegro3.jpg
Hydrangeas near the Black Lake of Gramado, southern Brazil
- Hydrangea-flower.jpg
Purple hydrangea flowers
- Hydrangea arborescens leaf.jpg
Hydrangea arborescens leaf
- Hydrangea summer garden.jpg
- Hydrangea flower white.jpg
- Hydrangea flower summer garden.jpg
- Wilted hydrangea.jpg
- Hydrangea flower 3.jpg
Flower of hydrangea
- Hydrangea flower 5.jpg
Flower of hydrangea
- Vein sceleton hydrangea ies.jpg
Vein structure of a hydrangea leaf
DiseasesEdit
ReferencesEdit
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