Phronesis

Template:Short description Template:About Template:Italic title In ancient Greek philosophy, Template:Transliteration (Template:Langx) refers to the type of wisdom or intelligence concerned with practical action. It implies good judgment and excellence of character and habits. In Aristotelian ethics, the concept is distinguished from other words for wisdom and intellectual virtues (such as Template:Transliteration and Template:Transliteration) because of its practical character.

Ancient Greek PhilosophyEdit

SocratesEdit

In some of Socrates' dialogues, he proposes that Template:Transliteration is a necessary condition for all virtue,<ref>Template:Multiref2</ref> and that to be good is to be an intelligent or reasonable person with intelligent and reasonable thoughts.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In Plato's Meno, Socrates writes that Template:Transliteration is the most important attribute to learn, although it cannot be taught and is instead gained through the understanding of one's own self.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

AristotleEdit

In Aristotle's work, Template:Transliteration is the intellectual virtue that helps turn one's moral instincts into practical action.Template:R<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> He writes that moral virtues help any person to achieve the end, and that Template:Transliteration is what it takes to discover the means to gain that end.Template:R Without moral virtues, Template:Transliteration degenerates into an inability to make practical actions in regards to genuine goods for man.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

In the sixth book of Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics, he distinguished the concepts of Template:Transliteration (wisdom) and Template:Transliteration, and described the relationship between them and other intellectual virtues.<ref name=NE>Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp He writes that Template:Transliteration is a combination of Template:Transliteration, the ability to discern reality, and Template:Transliteration, things that "could not be otherwise".<ref>Template:Citation</ref>He then writes that Template:Transliteration involves not only the ability to decide how to reach a certain end, but the ability to reflect upon and determine "good ends" as well.Template:R

Aristotle also writes that although Template:Transliteration is higher and more serious than Template:Transliteration, the pursuit of wisdom and happiness requires both, as Template:Transliteration facilitates Template:Transliteration.Template:R According to Aristotle's theory of rhetoric, Template:Transliteration is one of the three types of appeals to character (Template:Transliteration).<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Aristotle claims that gaining phronesis requires gaining experience, as he writes:Template:Quote

Modern PhilosophyEdit

According to philosophers Kristjánsson, Fowers, Darnell and Pollard, phronesis means making decisions in regards to moral events or circumstances. This four-component philosophical account became known as the Aristotelian Phronesis Model, or APM.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> There is recentTemplate:Anachronism inline work to return the virtue of practical judgement to overcome disagreements and conflicts in the form of Aristotle's phronesis.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

In Social SciencesEdit

In Alasdair MacIntyre's book After Virtue, he called for a phronetic social science. He writes that for every prediction made by social scientific theory there are usually counter-examples, meaning that the unpredictability of human beings and human life requires focus on practical experiences.

In psychologist Heiner Rindermann's book Cognitive Capitalism, he uses the term Template:Transliteration to describe a rational approach to thinking and acting, "a circumspect and thoughtful way of life in a rational manner".<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Critiques of the APM's empirical limitations led to McLoughlin, Thoma, and Kristjánsson developing the neo-Aristotelian Phronesis Model (neo-APM),<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> which refines the construct using contemporary psychometric techniques. This updated model empirically identified ten distinct components and employed network analysis to highlight the interconnectedness and centrality of key elements, such as aspired moral identity and moral deliberation. The neo-APM thus provides a more nuanced and empirically valid framework for understanding practical wisdom in psychological and educational contexts.

ReferencesEdit

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External linksEdit

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Template:Ancient Greek philosophical concepts Template:Aristotelianism Template:Philosophy topics Template:Positivism Template:Virtues