Template:Short description {{#invoke:other uses|otheruses}} Template:Infobox river
Maritsa or Maritza (Template:Langx {{#invoke:IPA|main}}), also known as Evros (Template:Langx {{#invoke:IPA|main}}) and Meriç (Template:Langx {{#invoke:IPA|main}}), is a river that runs through the Balkans in Southeast Europe. With a length of Template:Convert,<ref name=Yearbook>Statistical Yearbook 2017, National Statistical Institute (Bulgaria), p. 17</ref> it is the longest river that runs solely in the interior of the Balkan peninsula, and one of the largest in Europe by discharge. It flows through Bulgaria in its upper and middle reaches, while its lower course forms much of the border between Greece and Turkey. Its drainage area is about Template:Convert, of which 66.2% is in Bulgaria, 27.5% in Turkey, and 6.3% in Greece.<ref name=ypeka>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It is the main river of the historical region of Thrace, most of which lies in its drainage basin.
It has its origin in the Rila Mountains in Western Bulgaria, its source being the Marichini Lakes. The Maritsa flows east-southeast between the Balkan and Rhodope Mountains, past Plovdiv and Dimitrovgrad in Bulgaria to Edirne in Turkey. East of Svilengrad, Bulgaria, the river flows eastwards, forming the border between Bulgaria (on the north bank) and Greece (on the south bank), and then between Turkey and Greece. At Edirne, the river meets it two chief tributaries Tundzha and Arda, and flows through Turkish territory on both banks. It then turns towards the south and forms the border between Greece on the west bank and Turkey on the east bank all the way to the Aegean Sea, which it enters near Enez, forming a river delta. The upper Maritsa valley is a principal east–west route in Bulgaria. The unnavigable river is used for hydroelectric power generation and irrigation.
NamesEdit
The earliest known name of the river is {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Template:Transliteration, Alcman, 7th–6th century BC).<ref name="georg">Template:Cite book</ref> Proto-Indo-European {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} and Ancient Greek {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} meant "wide".<ref name="georg" /> The Proto-Indo-European consonant cluster *-wr- shifted in Thracian to -br-, creating the Thracian name {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}.<ref name="georg" /> Thereafter, the river began to be known as {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Template:Transliteration) in Greek and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} in Latin.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Rather than an origin as 'wide river', an alternative hypothesis is that is borrowed from Thracian {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} meaning 'splasher'.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
While the name {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Template:Transliteration) was used in Ancient Greek, the name {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Template:Transliteration) had become standard before the ancient form {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} was restituted in Modern Greek as {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (now: Template:Transliteration).<ref>Schramm, Gottfried (1981): Eroberer und Eingesessene. Geographische Lehnnamen als Zeugen der Geschichte Südosteuropas im ersten Jahrtausend n. Chr. Stuttgart: Hiersemann, pp.290f. Referenced in Carsten Peust, How Old Are the River Names of Europe?, Linguistik Online, 2015</ref> The name Template:Transliteration may derive from a mountain near the mouth of the river known in antiquity as {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} or {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, Latinized as {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}.<ref name=georg/>Template:Unreliable source?
HistoryEdit
In 1371, the river was the site of the Battle of Maritsa, also known as the battle of Chernomen, an Ottoman victory over the Serbian rulers Vukašin Mrnjavčević and Jovan Uglješa, who died in the battle.
After 1923, the river gained political significance as the modern border between Greece and Turkey. This was further bolstered by Greece joining the European Union in 1981 (and then the Schengen area), marking the river as an external boundary of the EU.
Since the 1990s, the river, as a natural barrier on the border between Turkey and Greece, has become a major route for migrants from a variety of countries attempting to enter the EU irregularly.<ref>Evros: The immigrants' gateway. PBS.org, May 16, 2011.</ref> Between 2000 and 2019, 398 bodies were found on the Greek side of the Maritsa/Evros river. Up until that time, drowning in the river was the leading cause of death among migrants trying to enter Greece.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
In February 2020, Turkey unilaterally opened its borders to Greece to allow refugees and migrants seeking refuge to reach the European Union, leading to the 2020 Greek–Turkish border crisis.<ref>Turkish police bolster Greek border to stop migrants' return. 6 March 2020.</ref><ref>Greece Defends Borders as Erdogan Opens the Gates: Live Updates. 1 March 2020.</ref> In May 2020, news emerged that Turkish forces occupied Template:Convert of Greek territory, Melissokomeio, as shown on maps of 1923, following a change in the flow of the river.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> These crises passed following the improvement in Greek-Turkish relations in 2023, however, illegal migration is still a major issue.
TributariesEdit
Starting from the river's source, significant tributaries of Maritsa include:
- Left tributaries:
- Topolnitsa (flows into Maritsa near Pazardzhik)
- Luda Yana (near Ognyanovo)
- Stryama (near Sadovo)
- Sazliyka (near Simeonovgrad)
- Tundzha/Tunca (in Edirne)
- Ergene (near İpsala)
- Right tributaries:
- Chepinska reka (near Septemvri)
- Vacha (near Stamboliyski)
- Chepelarska reka (near Sadovo)
- Harmanliyska reka (near Harmanli)
- Arda/Ardas (near Edirne)
- Erythropotamos/Luda reka (near Didymoteicho)
FloodsEdit
The lower course of the river Maritsa, where it forms the border between Greece and Turkey, is very vulnerable to flooding. For about 4 months every year, the low lands around the river are flooded. This causes significant economic damage (loss of agricultural production and damage to infrastructure), which is estimated at several hundreds million Euro.<ref name=nivol>Environmental management of big riverine floods: the case of Evros River in Greece, Z. Nivolianitou, B. Synodinou</ref>
Recent large floods have taken place in 2006, 2007, 2014, with the largest flood taking place in 2021. Several causes have been proposed, including more rainfall due to climate change, deforestation in the Bulgarian part of the catchment area, increased land use in the flood plains and difficult communication between the three countries.<ref name=nivol/>
TriviaEdit
Maritsa Peak on Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica is named after Maritsa River.
La Maritza is also a 1968 song written by Jean Renard and Pierre Delanoë and interpreted by Sylvie Vartan.
Hebrus Valles on Mars is named after this river.
The Bulgarian Maritsa motorway, which roughly follows the course of the river from Chirpan (where it branches out of the Trakia motorway) to the Turkish border at Kapitan Andreevo, is also named in honour of the river.
GalleryEdit
- Maritsa.jpg
View from the river, Edirne.
- Meriç River.jpg
The river viewed from Turkey. Greek land visible on the right.
- ΔΕΛΤΑ ΤΟΥ ΕΒΡΟΥ 20.jpg
Boat on the delta.
NotesEdit
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ReferencesEdit
Further readingEdit
- SKOULIKIDIS, NIKOLAOS TH., STAMATIS ZOGARIS, AND IOANNIS KARAOUZAS. Rivers of the Balkans. In Klement Tockner, Christiane Zarfl, and Christopher T. Robinson (eds.), Rivers of Europe, 2nd Ed. Cambridge, MA: Elsevier, 2022, pp. 593–654. ISBN 978-0-08-102612-0