{{SAFESUBST:#invoke:Unsubst||date=__DATE__ |$B= {{#switch: |Category=For categories please use the templates available at Wikipedia:Categories for discussion. |Template=For templates, please use the templates available at Wikipedia:Templates for discussion. }}Template:Mbox{{#switch: ||Talk=Template:DMC |User|User talk= |#default={{#if:||Template:DMC}}}}Template:Merge partner }} Template:Infobox automobile engine
The Ford Modular engine is an overhead camshaft (OHC) V8 and V10 gasoline-powered small block engine family introduced by Ford Motor Company in 1990 for the 1991 model year. The term “modular” applied to the setup of tooling and casting stations in the Windsor and Romeo engine manufacturing plants, not the engine itself.
The Modular engine family started with the 4.6 L in 1990 for the 1991 model year.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Modular engines are used in various Ford, Lincoln, and Mercury vehicles. Modular engines used in Ford trucks were marketed under the Triton name from 1997–2010 while the InTech name was used for a time at Lincoln and Mercury for vehicles equipped with DOHC versions of the engines. The engines were first produced at the Ford Romeo Engine Plant, then additional capacity was added at the Windsor Engine Plant in Windsor, Ontario.
OriginsEdit
In the early 1980s, then-Ford Motor Company chief operating officer Donald Petersen challenged Ford's vice-president of design, Jack Telnack, and his staff to come up with new vehicle designs to replace the boxy styling that had dominated Ford products for years. The result was the adoption of sleeker, more aerodynamic designs like that used for the highly successful Ford Taurus. In the second half of the 1980s, Petersen, then chief executive officer, sought to update Ford's decades-old V8 architectures, challenging Ford senior engineer Jim Clarke to develop a new V8 engine that would surpass Ford's earlier V8s in every meaningful way, from power and efficiency to emissions performance and smoothness of operation.<ref name="Origins">Template:Cite magazine</ref>
Clarke and his engineers studied engine designs from major European and Japanese automakers and sought to develop a technologically advanced, power-dense, dependable, low maintenance V8, with no major service required before Template:Cvt of use.
The initial engine design would implement a 90° vee-angle with a bore and a stroke of Template:Cvt, resulting in a Template:Cvt displacement and creating a nearly 1:1 bore-to-stroke ratio. This square configuration was chosen primarily for its positive noise, vibration, and harshness characteristics. The engine would utilize features such as a chain-driven, single-overhead camshaft valve train with roller finger followers, a deep-skirt cast-iron block construction and cross-bolted main bearings, all benefiting long-term durability. In the interest of reducing overall engine weight, aluminum-alloy heads would be standard and all major engine accessories would be mounted directly to the block, resulting in a more complex block casting but eliminating the need for heavy mounting brackets. All engines in the family shared a common bore spacing of Template:Cvt.<ref name="Origins"/>
Tight construction tolerances were used in shaping cylinder bores to accommodate narrow piston rings. This improved engine efficiency through reduced friction and oil consumption while also promoting cleaner emissions.<ref name="Origins"/>
Various single- or dual-overhead camshaft eight- and ten-cylinder engines could be produced. Six-cylinder derivatives were also explored, though never built. In order to accommodate the wide array of engine configurations possible within this architecture, Ford developed a new modular tooling system for producing different engines quickly and efficiently in the same factory.
Such an approach allowed for significantly faster changeovers when switching from one engine platform to another among the modular engine family. This also allowed for the existing engine plants, and their supporting offsite production facilities, to handle shorter production runs.
By 1987 Ford was fully committed to producing the new Modular V8,<ref name="Visnic">Template:Cite magazine</ref> having invested $4 billion (~$Template:Format price in Template:Inflation/year) in the engine's design in addition to retooling the company's Romeo, Michigan tractor plant to build the engines. Three years later, in the third quarter of 1990, the first Modular engine, a 4.6 L SOHC V8, would be used in the 1991 model year Lincoln Town Car. In spite of having a smaller displacement, the Template:Cvt lighter 4.6 L Modular V8 could generate more power than the Town Car's previous overhead valve 5.0 L V8 and accelerate to Template:Cvt 1.5 seconds faster, all while delivering better fuel efficiency.<ref name="Origins"/>
Ford modular engines would go on to become its chief gasoline V8s and V10s.
4.6 LEdit
Template:Anchor The Template:Cvt displacement<ref name="Triton"/> 90-degree V8 was offered in 2-valve SOHC, 3-valve SOHC, and 4-valve DOHC versions. The engines were also offered with both aluminum and cast iron blocks, depending on application. The 4.6 L's bore and stroke are nearly square at Template:Cvt, respectively. Deck height for the 4.6 block is Template:Cvt and connecting rod length is Template:Cvt center to center, giving the 4.6 L a 1.67:1 rod to stroke ratio. Cylinder bore spacing measures Template:Cvt, which is common to all members of the Modular engine family. All Modular V8s, except for the 5.0 L Coyote and 5.2 L Voodoo, utilize the same firing order as the Ford 5.0 L HO and 351 CID V8s (1-3-7-2-6-5-4-8). The 4.6 L engines have been assembled at Romeo Engine Plant in Michigan, and at Windsor Engine Plant and Essex Engine Plant, both located in Windsor, Ontario.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The final 4.6 L engine was produced in May 2014 and installed in a 2014 model year Ford E-Series van.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
2-valveEdit
The first production Modular engine was the 4.6 L 2-valve SOHC V8 introduced in the 1991 Lincoln Town Car.
The 4.6 L 2V was built at both Romeo Engine Plant and Windsor Engine Plant, which had different designs for cylinder heads (cam caps: interconnected cam "cages" vs. individual caps per cam journal), camshaft sprockets (bolt-on vs. press-on), valve covers (11 bolts vs. 13 bolts), crankshaft (6 bolts vs. 8 bolts) and main bearing caps (2 bolt fasteners with 2 jack screws vs. 2 bolt fasteners with dowel pins).<ref name="Modified Mustangs & Fords">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Vehicles equipped with the 16-valve SOHC 4.6 L include the following:
3-valveEdit
The 3-valve SOHC 4.6 L with variable camshaft timing (VCT) first appeared in the redesigned 2005 Ford Mustang.
The engines are equipped with an electronic Charge Motion Control Valve (CMCV) system that provides increased air velocity at low engine speeds for improved emissions and low-rpm torque. Cylinder block material varies between aluminum used in the 2005-10 Mustang GT and cast iron used in the truck applications.
The 3-valve SOHC 4.6 L engine was on the Ward's 10 Best Engines list for 2005–2008.
Vehicles equipped with the 24-valve SOHC VCT 4.6 L include the following:
| Vehicle Name | Production Years | Engine Output | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ford Mustang GT | 2005–2009 | Template:Cvt Template:Cvt |
|
| Ford Mustang Bullitt | 2008–2009 | Template:Cvt Template:Cvt |
|
| Ford Mustang GT | 2010 | Template:Cvt Template:Cvt |
|
| Ford Explorer Mercury Mountaineer |
2006–2010 | Template:Cvt Template:Cvt |
|
| Ford Explorer Sport Trac | 2006–2010 | Template:Cvt Template:Cvt |
|
| Ford F-150 | 2009–2010 | Template:Cvt Template:Cvt |
Template:Anchor4-valveEdit
The 4-valve DOHC version of the Modular engine was introduced in the 1993 Lincoln Mark VIII as the 4.6 L Four-Cam V8. Lincoln marketed the engine under the name InTech after 1995.<ref>Ford Motor Company. 1993 Lincoln Mark VIII, pages 5–6,18. 1993. MarkVIII.org. http://www.markviii.org/LOD2/1993brochure/FrameSet.htm</ref>
The 1993–1998 4-valve engines featured cylinder heads with two intake ports per cylinder (split-port) and variable runner length intake manifolds with either vacuum or electrically activated intake manifold runner controls (IMRC) depending on application. The engine was revised for 1999 with new cylinder heads featuring tumble-style intake ports (one intake port feeding two intake valves), new camshaft profiles, and fixed runner-length intake manifolds. These changes resulted in more power, torque and a broader power-band when compared to the earlier 4-valve engines.<ref name="Modified Mustangs & Fords"/>
All 4.6 L 4-valve engines featured aluminum engine blocks with 6-bolt main bearing caps, the only exception being the 2003–2004 SVT Cobra which had a 4-bolt main cast iron block. The 1999 and earlier engines featured an aluminum block cast in Italy by Fiat subsidiary Teksid S.p.A. Since 1996, all of the 4.6 L 4-valve engines manufactured for use in the SVT Cobra have been hand-built by SVT technicians at Ford's Romeo, Michigan plant.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The 4-valve DOHC 4.6 L engine was on the Ward's 10 Best Engines list for 1996 and 1997.
Vehicles equipped with the 32-valve DOHC 4.6 L include the following:
5.0 L CoyoteEdit
The Template:Cvt<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Coyote V8 was first produced in 2010 for the 2011 model year. It was an evolutionary development of Ford's Modular V8,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and is assembled in Ford's Essex Engine Plant in Windsor, Ontario, using existing Modular tooling.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Ford engineers needed to design a V8, specifically for the Mustang GT, that would compete with the GM 6.2 L LS3 used in the new Chevrolet Camaro, and the new Chrysler 6.4 L HEMI in the Dodge Charger, Dodge Challenger, Chrysler 300 and Jeep Grand Cherokee. Since this engine replaced the already popular 4.6 L and 5.4 L Modular Engines, this engine had to remain close to the same physical size of the outgoing 4.6 L, and share other specifications with it such as bore spacing, deck height, bell housing bolt pattern, etc. in order for the engine to utilize existing Modular production line tooling (the source of the 'Modular' designation for the engine family). The result was the 5.0 L Coyote, which produced roughly the same amount of power as its competitors, but with a much smaller displacement.
It shares the Template:Cvt's Template:Cvt bore spacing and Template:Cvt deck height,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> while bore diameter and stroke have increased to Template:Cvt, respectively. The engine also retains the 4.6 L's Template:Cvt connecting rod length, which produces a 1.62:1 rod to stroke ratio.<ref name="Mustang 2010">5.0 Mustang & Super Fords (March 2010) "Coyote Beautiful"</ref> The firing order has been changed from that shared by all previous Modular V8s (1-3-7-2-6-5-4-8) to that of the Ford Flathead V8 (1-5-4-8-6-3-7-2).<ref name="Mustang 2010"/> Compression ratio is 11.0:1, and despite having port fuel injection (as opposed to direct injection) the engine can still be run on 87 octane gasoline.
The Coyote features all new 4 valve DOHC cylinder heads that have shifted the camshafts outboard, which allowed for a compact roller finger follower setup with remote hydraulic valve lash adjusters and improved (raised) intake port geometry. The result is an intake port that outflows the Ford GT intake port by 4 percent and the Yates D3 (NASCAR) intake port up to Template:Cvt lift, which is the maximum lift of the Coyote's intake cams. Engine redline is 7000 rpm.<ref name="Mustang 2010"/>
The Coyote is Ford's first implementation of its cam-torque-actuated (CTA) Twin Independent Variable Cam Timing (Ti-VCT) in a V8 engine, which allows the powertrain control module (PCM) to advance and retard intake and exhaust cam timing independently of each other, providing improved power, fuel economy and reduced emissions.
To strengthen the block enough to handle increased output, webbing was extensively used as reinforcement in the casting, rather than increasing the thickness of the walls. The intake plenum was also situated low between the two cylinder banks to meet the height constraint, thus the alternator traditionally placed low and center was moved to the side of the engine.
The Coyote made Ward's 10 Best Engines list for 2011, 2012, and 2018.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Boss 302 (Road Runner) variant Template:AnchorEdit
A higher performance variant of the Coyote, dubbed Road Runner internally by Ford, is produced under the Boss 302 moniker used for the resurrected Boss 302 Mustang for the 2012 model year.<ref name="roadrunner">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Boss 302 receives CNC ported heads cast in 356 aluminum providing additional airflow and strength, and a higher lift exhaust camshaft profile is used. Valvetrain components were lightened as much as possible, including the use of sodium filled exhaust valves, while strengthened powdered metal rods and forged aluminum pistons were added. Piston-cooling jets were also deleted, which are standard in the 5.0 model.<ref name="FVC1">Template:Cite press release</ref> Exterior changes include a high-mount intake plenum (as opposed to the standard engine's low-mounted one) with shorter runners to improve high-rpm power. Power is increased from Template:Cvt to Template:Cvt, and torque drops from Template:Cvt to Template:Cvt due to the upgrades. The Boss's redline is increased to 7500 rpm, but has been verified stable up to 8400.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Gen 3 updateEdit
For 2018, Ford made revisions to the Coyote equipped in the Mustang GT, most notably the addition of high-pressure direct injection (in addition to the existing port injection system), and an increase of the piston bore diameter from Template:Cvt. This increase in the bore size, resulting from the adoption of Plasma Wire Arc Transfer cylinder liner technology in place of the more traditional sleeve in the block, brings total displacement up from Template:Cvt. Other changes include Gen. 3 specific camshafts, enlarged intake and exhaust valves, an increased compression ratio of 12.0:1, a revised intake manifold, and 7500 rpm redline in the Mustang. With these changes the updated 5.0 L Coyote is rated by Ford at Template:Cvt and Template:Cvt. The 2019–2020 Bullitt and 2021–2023 Mach 1 models received an uprated version of the Coyote rated at Template:Cvt and Template:Cvt. The Template:Cvt improvement was due to an intake manifold and 87 mm throttle body borrowed from the 5.2 L Voodoo engine as well as a recalibrated powertrain control module.
Gen 4 updateEdit
In 2023, for the 2024 model year, the Mustang debuted with the 4th generation of the Coyote engine. It produces Template:Cvt and Template:Cvt in the GT trim level, Template:Cvt and Template:Cvt with the Active Performance Exhaust option, and Template:Cvt and Template:Cvt in the Dark Horse trim level.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Updates include:
- Revised 4 into 1 exhaust manifold
- Intake manifold with dual 80 mm throttle bodies
The Dark Horse also received:
- Revised camshafts
- Forged piston rods from the 5.2 L Predator engine
F-150 variantEdit
A torque-biased variant of the Coyote is produced as an alternative to the EcoBoost V6 in the F-150 pickup truck. The F-150 5.0 L receives a lower compression ratio (10.5:1), intake camshafts with less duration, cast iron exhaust manifolds, and revised cylinder heads to improve cooling. The intake manifold changed only in color, and height. These changes promote low-end and mid-range power and torque. The engine retains the Coyote's forged steel crank and piston-cooling jets but benefits from the addition of an external engine oil cooler similar to the Boss 302's. The changes result in the engine's peak horsepower dropping to Template:Cvt at 5500 rpm, while torque is rated at Template:Cvt at 4250 rpm. When the 2015 F-150 was revealed, Ford improved the induction system to pull air from above the grille under the hood (aka Ram Air Effect) as opposed to the fender intake inlet that had been used for all previous Ford Modular Engines. The addition of Ram Air Effect pulled more cool air into the engine in favor for a power increase to Template:Cvt at 5750 rpm and Template:Cvt at 3850 rpm.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
For 2018, numerous revisions were made to the 5.0. Most notably, the adoption of a port and direct fuel injection system, as well as spray-on bore liner, eliminating the need for conventional cast iron cylinder bore liners (changes shared with the 2018 Mustang), and compression ratio is increased to 12.0:1. Power increased to Template:Cvt at 5750 rpm, while torque is rated at Template:Cvt at 4500 rpm.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Miami variantEdit
The Miami was a supercharged variant designed by FPV (a joint -venture by Ford Australia and Prodrive) while the Coyote was still in development. Pre-production engines were shipped to Australia, where they were fitted with Australian-developed superchargers. The blocks and crank were common with the US Coyote engine but the sump, rods, pistons, intake manifold, supercharger, exhaust manifolds, wiring loom and engine control unit were designed and manufactured in Australia. The US Coyote engine had VVT on all 4 cams but the Australian ECU only had enough outputs to control 2 cams, so only the intake cams have VVT. The supercharger uses Eaton rotors in a housing designed by Australian company Harrop Engineering – the same company that provides superchargers to Roush Performance.<ref name="Miami-AMC">Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref name="theage">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Miami-TheAge">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Miami-SAE">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Initial variants made Template:Cvt, Template:Cvt and Template:Cvt, Template:Cvt. Later versions made Template:Cvt, Template:Cvt and ultimately Template:Cvt (with the addition of an intercooler).<ref name="Miami-AMC"/>
The Miami variant was sold in the Australian Ford Falcon-based FPV GT range and the FGX XR8.<ref name="theage" /><ref name="Miami-TheAge" /><ref name="Miami-SAE" /> The Template:Cvt version was sold in the Falcon FPV Holy Grail.<ref name="Miami-AMC" />
ApplicationsEdit
The engine is gradually replacing the 4.6 L and 5.4 L Modular V8 units in all Ford vehicles. This is the first time that Ford has used the "5.0" designation since the pushrod 5.0 was discontinued and replaced by the 4.6 L Modular unit in the mid-90s.
Vehicles equipped with the 32-valve DOHC Ti-VCT 5.0 L include the following:
| Vehicle Name | Production Years | Engine Output | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ford Mustang GT | 2011–2012 | Template:Cvt at 6500 rpm Template:Cvt at 4250 rpm |
||
| Ford Mustang Boss 302 | 2012–2013 | Template:Cvt at 7500 rpm Template:Cvt at 4500 rpm<ref name="FVC1"/><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |
CitationClass=web
}}</ref> ||"Road Runner" - Upgraded crank, rods, pistons, heads, intake manifold, and camshafts, redline increased to 7500 rpm | |
| Ford Mustang GT | 2013–2014 | Template:Cvt at 6500 rpm Template:Cvt at 4250 rpm<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |
CitationClass=web
}}</ref> || Removed piston oil squirters, recalibrated PCM | |
| Ford Mustang GT | 2015–2017 | Template:Cvt at 6500 rpm Template:Cvt at 4250 rpm<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |
CitationClass=web
}}</ref>|| "Gen II" - Revised heads, valvetrain and piston rods from Boss 302, higher lift camshafts, intake manifold with CMC valves | |
| Ford Mustang GT | 2018–2023 | Template:Cvt at 7,000 rpm Template:Cvt at 4,600 rpm |
"Gen III" - Direct and port fuel injection, increased compression from 11:1 to 12:1, bore increased from 92.2 to 93 mm (3.63 to 3.66 in), revised heads, 7500 rpm redline | |
| Ford Mustang Bullitt | 2019–2020 | Template:Cvt at 7,000 rpm Template:Cvt at 4,600 rpm |
Larger 87 mm throttle body, modified GT350 manifold and cold air intake with PCM recalibration | |
| Ford Mustang Mach 1 | 2021–2023 | Template:Cvt at 7,000 rpm Template:Cvt at 4,600 rpm |
Larger 87 mm throttle body, modified GT350 manifold and cold air intake with PCM recalibration | |
| Ford Mustang GT | 2024-present | Template:Cvt at 7,250 rpm Template:Cvt at 4,900 rpm |
"Gen IV" - Higher-lift camshafts, dual 80 mm throttle bodies, dual airbox intake system, Template:Cvt with Active Exhaust | |
| Ford Mustang Dark Horse | 2024-present | Template:Cvt at 7,250 rpm Template:Cvt at 4,900 rpm |
Re-balanced crankshaft, forged connecting rods(from 5.2 L Predator), strengthened camshafts | |
| Ford F-150 | 2011–2014 | Template:Cvt at 5500 rpm Template:Cvt at 4250 rpm<ref>Template:Cite press release</ref> |
||
| Ford F-150 | 2015–2017 | Template:Cvt at 5750 rpm Template:Cvt at 3850 rpm |
||
| Ford F-150 | 2018–2020 | Template:Cvt at 5750 rpm Template:Cvt at 4500 rpm<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |
CitationClass=web
}}</ref> |
Direct injection and port fuel injection. Increased compression from 10.5:1 to 12:1. Bore increased from Template:Cvt |
| Ford F-150 | 2021–present | Template:Cvt at 6000 rpm Template:Cvt at 4250 rpm |
||
| Ford Falcon GT<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref><ref>Template:Cite press release</ref> || 2011–2014 || Template:Cvt at 5750 rpm | |||
| Ford Falcon XR8 | 2014–2016 | Template:Cvt at 5750 rpm Template:Cvt at 2200–5500 rpm<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |
CitationClass=web
}}</ref> || Supercharged |
CitationClass=web
}}</ref> |
| FPV Ford Falcon GT-F | 2014 | Template:Cvt at 5750 rpm [[[:Template:Cvt]] with overboost<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> |
CitationClass=web
}}</ref> || Supercharged |
| TVR Griffith | 2020 | Template:Cvt Template:Cvt |
Tuned by Cosworth | |
| Panoz Esperante | 2014–2015 | Template:Cvt Template:Cvt |
||
| Puritalia Berlinetta | 2019–present | Template:Cvt Template:Cvt |
Hybrid with Template:Convert and Template:Convert YASA electric motor | |
| De Tomaso P72 | 2023–present | Template:Cvt Template:Cvt |
Supercharged |
The Coyote is available as a crate motor from Ford Racing Performance Parts (FRPP) complete with alternator, manifold, and wiring harness in standard Template:Cvt configuration. The Boss 302 is also available from FRPP for a premium over the standard 5.0 L.
5.2 LEdit
VoodooEdit
The Template:Cvt "Voodoo" is a development of the Coyote engine. The engine was developed specifically for the Shelby GT350 version of the sixth generation Mustang. Bore and stroke are both up from the 5.0 L Coyote at Template:Cvt, as is the compression ratio at 12.0:1. The Voodoo makes Template:Cvt at 7500 rpm and Template:Cvt of torque at 4750 rpm and has a redline of 8250 rpm.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 2016, the engine received a Ward's 10 Best Engines award.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Like other modern Ford Performance Mustang engines, the Voodoo is hand-built at Ford's Romeo Plant on the Niche Line.<ref name=FordNXT>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Unlike the Coyote and previous Modular V8s, the Voodoo features a flat plane crankshaft. During development, Ford purchased a Ferrari California, the only other front-engine flat-plane crank V8 car in production at the time, as a benchmark.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Voodoo features a unique Up-Down-Up-Down crank pin configuration, as opposed to the typical Up-Down-Down-Up in inline-4s and other flat-plane V8s.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Due to the unique crankpin configuration, the back-to-front firing order of 1-5-4-8-3-7-2-6, is also unique to the Voodoo. This engine was the biggest production flat plane crank V8 by displacement until General Motors introduced the LT6.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The GT350R variant of the engine received a number of valvetrain enhancements, including the timing chains, lash adjusters, and VCT mechanisms.<ref name=FordNXT/>
Vehicles equipped with the 32-valve DOHC 5.2 L include the following:
| Vehicle Name | Production Years | Engine Output |
|---|---|---|
| Ford Mustang Shelby GT350/350R | 2015–2020 | Template:Cvt at 7500 rpm Template:Cvt at 4750 rpm |
Aluminator 5.2 XSEdit
The Aluminator 5.2 XS is another variant of the Coyote engine utilizing the 5.2 L cylinder block from the GT350. The Aluminator is differentiated from the Voodoo engine by a Cobra Jet intake manifold and throttle body and a cross-plane crankshaft.<ref>Template:Cite press release</ref> The engine has a claimed output of Template:Cvt and Template:Cvt. Like the "Voodoo" engine, it also features a 12:1 compression ratio and Template:Cvt of displacement.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
This engine is sold as a Ford Performance Parts crate engine without a wiring harness, a flywheel, or headers.
PredatorEdit
The "Predator" is a Template:Cvt variant of the "Coyote" engine utilizing a cross-plane crank and a supercharger, which is installed in the Mustang Shelby GT500 starting in 2020 and the Ford F-150 Raptor R starting in late 2022. The engine has an output of Template:Cvt and Template:Cvt of torque in the Shelby GT500. It makes Template:Cvt and Template:Cvt in the F-150 Raptor R. Production of this engine for the Shelby GT500 ended on October 18, 2022, marking the end of the Shelby GT500. This was also the last engine to be produced on the Romeo Engine Plant Niche line.<ref>Template:Cite press release</ref><ref>Template:Cite press release</ref>
CarnivoreEdit
Based on the Predator engine, the engine used in the 2023 F-150 Raptor R is tuned for more low-end torque by using a different supercharger pulley and a new calibration. It is produced on a new Niche Engine line at the Dearborn Engine Plant.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
5.4 LEdit
The Template:Cvt<ref name="Triton">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> V8 is a member of the Modular engine family first introduced in the 1997 F-series pick-ups, in place of the 5.8 L 351W. Bore diameter is Template:Cvt and stroke is Template:Cvt, the increased stroke necessitated a taller Template:Cvt engine block deck height. A Template:Cvt connecting rod length is used to achieve a 1.60:1 rod to stroke ratio. The 5.4 L 2V was built at the Windsor Engine Plant, while the 5.4 L 3V moved production to the Essex Engine Plant beginning in 2003, then back to Windsor Engine Plant in 2009.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The SVT 5.4 L 4-valve engines are built at Romeo Engine Plant, hand assembled on the niche line.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
2-valveEdit
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Introduced in 1997, the SOHC 2-valve 5.4 L has a cast iron engine block and aluminum cylinder heads. The 5.4 L features multi-port fuel injection, roller finger followers, fracture-split powder metal connecting rods, and in some applications a forged steel crankshaft.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The 2-valve SOHC 5.4 L engine was on the Ward's 10 Best Engines list for 1997–1998 and 2000–2002.
Vehicles equipped with the 16-valve SOHC 5.4 L include the following:
| Vehicle Name | Production Years | Engine Output | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ford F-Series | 1997–1998 | Template:Cvt Template:Cvt |
|
| Ford F-Series | 1999–2004 | Template:Cvt Template:Cvt |
Performance Improved |
| Ford SVT Lightning | 1999–2004 | Template:Cvt Template:Cvt |
Supercharged ratings for 2001 and later model years |
| Ford F-150 Harley Davidson Edition | 2002–2003 | Template:Cvt at 4500 rpm Template:Cvt at 3250 rpm |
Supercharged and Intercooled |
| Ford Expedition Lincoln Navigator |
1997–1998 | Template:Cvt Template:Cvt |
|
| Ford Expedition | 1999–2004 | Template:Cvt Template:Cvt |
Performance Improved |
| Ford Econoline | 1997–1998 | Template:Cvt Template:Cvt |
|
| Ford E-Series | 1999–2017 | Template:Cvt Template:Cvt |
Performance Improved |
3-valveEdit
In 2002, Ford introduced a new 3-valve SOHC cylinder head with variable camshaft timing (VCT), improving power and torque over the previous 2-valve SOHC version. The 3-valve cylinder head was first used on the 2002 Ford Fairmont 5.4 L Barra 220 engine in Australia manufactured in Windsor, Ontario, Canada.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The 3-valve 5.4 L was introduced to the North American market in the redesigned 2004 Ford F-150.
Vehicles equipped with the 24-valve SOHC VCT 5.4 L include the following:
| Vehicle Name | Production Years | Engine Output | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ford Falcon/Futura/Fairmont/Fairmont Ghia | 2002–2005 | Template:Cvt Template:Cvt<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |
CitationClass=web
}}</ref> || |
| Ford Fairlane G220 Ford LTD |
2003–2004 | Template:Cvt Template:Cvt |
|
| Ford Fairlane G8 Ford LTD |
2005–2007 | Template:Cvt Template:Cvt |
|
| Ford Falcon/Fairmont Ghia | 2006–2007 | Template:Cvt Template:Cvt |
|
| Ford F-150 | 2004–2008 | Template:Cvt Template:Cvt |
Except 2004 F-150 Heritage model |
| Ford F-150 | 2009–2010 | Template:Cvt Template:Cvt |
Rated Template:Cvt when using e85 fuel |
| Ford Expedition Lincoln Navigator |
2005–2008 | Template:Cvt Template:Cvt |
' |
| Ford Expedition Lincoln Navigator |
2009-2014 | Template:Cvt Template:Cvt |
Rated Template:Cvt when using e85 fuel |
| Lincoln Mark LT | 2006–2008 | Template:Cvt Template:Cvt |
4-valveEdit
In 1999, Ford introduced the DOHC 4-valve 5.4 L in the Lincoln Navigator under the InTech moniker, making it the second engine to use this name. Ford later used versions of the DOHC 4-valve 5.4 L in the 2000 Ford Mustang SVT Cobra R, the Ford GT supercar, and the Ford Shelby GT500. The DOHC 4-valve 5.4 L was also used in the Ford Falcon line in Australia under the Boss moniker until 2010, when it was replaced by a locally developed, supercharged version of the 5.0 litre Modular V8.Template:Citation needed
The SVT Cobra R version of the 5.4 L 4-valve V8 had several key differences from its Lincoln counterpart. While the iron block and forged steel crankshaft were sourced directly from the InTech 5.4 L, the Cobra R powerplant benefited from new, high-flow cylinder heads that were designed with features developed for Ford's "Rough Rider" off-road racing program, application specific camshafts with higher lift and more duration than other 4-valve Modular cams, forged I-beam connecting rods sourced from Carillo, forged pistons that provided a 9.6:1 compression ratio in conjunction with the 52 cc combustion chambers, and a unique high-flow "cross-ram" style aluminum intake manifold. The Cobra R was rated at Template:Cvt and Template:Cvt though chassis dynamometer results have shown these ratings to be conservative with unmodified Cobra Rs often producing nearly Template:Cvt at the rear wheels.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
The Ford GT version of the Template:Cvt is a highly specialized version of the Modular engine. It is an all-aluminum alloy, dry-sump DOHC 4 valves per cylinder with an Eaton 2300 Lysholm screw-type supercharger and showcases numerous technological features, such as dual fuel injectors per cylinder and oil squirters for the piston skirts, not found in other Ford Modular engines of the time. This engine benefits from an improved version of the high-flow 2000 Cobra R cylinder head and unique high-lift camshafts, now rated at Template:Cvt at 6500 rpm and Template:Cvt at 4500 rpm.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The Shelby GT500 uses a 4-valve DOHC 5.4 L with an Eaton M122H Roots type supercharger and air-to-liquid intercooler.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The GT500 5.4 L shares its high-flow cylinder head castings with the Ford GT, with only minor machining differences, and shares camshafts with the 2003–2004 Ford Mustang SVT Cobra; which have less lift and duration than the Ford GT camshafts. The 2007–2010 GT500 engine used an iron engine block, while the 2011 GT500 5.4 L receives a new aluminum engine block, with Ford's first production application of their patented Plasma Transferred Wire Arc (PTWA) cylinder coating, eliminating the need for pressed in cylinder liners. The PTWA spray apparatus was co-developed by Ford and Flame-Spray Industries of Long Island, New York, for which they received the 2009 IPO National Inventors of the Year Award.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The 2011 GT500 engine weighs Template:Cvt less than the previous iron-block version, thanks in part to the lack of cast iron cylinder liners.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> All of the 5.4 L 4-valve engines destined for use in SVT vehicles, such as the Ford GT and Shelby GT500, have been hand-built by technicians at Ford's Romeo, Michigan plant.<ref name=autogenerated1 />
Vehicles equipped with the 32-valve DOHC 5.4 L include the following:
| Vehicle Name | Production Years | Engine Output | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lincoln Navigator | 1999–2004 | Template:Cvt Template:Cvt |
||
| Lincoln Blackwood | 2002 | Template:Cvt Template:Cvt |
||
| Ford Mustang SVT Cobra R | 2000 | Template:Cvt Template:Cvt |
||
| Ford Shelby GT500 | 2007–2009 | Template:Cvt Template:Cvt |
Supercharged SAE J1349 certified | |
| Ford Shelby GT500KR | 2008–2009 | Template:Cvt Template:Cvt |
Supercharged | |
| Ford Shelby GT500 | 2010 | Template:Cvt Template:Cvt |
Supercharged | |
| Ford Shelby GT500 | 2011–2012 | Template:Cvt Template:Cvt |
Aluminum block, Supercharged | |
| Ford GT | 2004–2006 | Template:Cvt Template:Cvt |
Aluminum block, Supercharged | |
| Ford Falcon XR8 | 2002–2008 | Template:Cvt Template:Cvt |
||
| Ford Falcon FPV GT | 2003–2008 | Template:Cvt Template:Cvt |
||
| Ford Falcon FPV GT Cobra | 2007 | Template:Cvt Template:Cvt |
||
| Ford Falcon FPV GT | 2008–2010 | Template:Cvt Template:Cvt |
||
| Brabham BT62 | 2018–2024 | Template:Cvt Template:Cvt |
Tuned by Brabham | |
| GT by Citroën | 2008 | Template:Cvt | citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> |
5.8 L TrinityEdit
The 5.8 is formally known as the Trinity Engine or 5.8-liter V8 engine, which benefits from cylinder heads with improved coolant flow, Ford GT camshafts, piston-cooling oil jets similar to those found on the 5.0 Coyote, new 5-layer MLS head gaskets, an over-rev function that increases the red line to 7000 rpm for up to 8 seconds (from 6250 rpm), and a compression ratio increased to 9.0:1 from 8.5:1. Displacement is Template:Cvt with a bore x stroke of Template:Cvt. Boost is supplied by a 2.3 L Eaton TVS supercharger with maximum boost of Template:Cvt.<ref name="trinity5.8_1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Trinity has Template:Cvt intake valves and Template:Cvt exhaust valves.
- 2013–2014 Ford Shelby GT500, DOHC 4 valves per cylinder, Aluminum block, supercharged and intercooled, Template:Cvt at 6500 rpm and Template:Cvt at 4000 rpm of torque.<ref name="trinity5.8_4">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Anchor 6.8 L V10Edit
The Template:Cvt SOHC V10 is another variation of the Modular family created for use in large trucks. Bore and stroke size is Template:Cvt, identical to the 5.4 L V8. Both 2-valve and 3-valve versions have been produced. The 6.8 L uses a split-pin crank with 72° firing intervals and a balance shaft gear driven by the left camshaft to quell vibrations inherent to a 90° bank angle V10 engine. The engine's firing order is 1-6-5-10-2-7-3-8-4-9. The 2-valve version was first introduced in 1997, with a 3-valve non-VCT (the use of VCT was precluded by the presence of the balance shaft, as the shaft needed to remain in phase with the crankshaft) version to following in 2005.
Vehicles equipped with the 6.8 L V10 Modular engine include the following:
2-valveEdit
| Vehicle name | Production years | Engine output | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ford E-250–E-450 F53 Motorhome |
1997–2004 | Template:Cvt Template:Cvt |
ratings for 2000 and later model years | |
| Ford F-250–F-550 F53 Motorhome |
1999–2004 | Template:Cvt Template:Cvt |
ratings for 2000 and later model years | |
| Ford Excursion | 2000–2005 | Template:Cvt Template:Cvt |
ratings for 2000 and later model years | |
| Ford E-350 & E-450 | 2005–2019 | Template:Cvt Template:Cvt |
citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> |
<ref>Lincoln 4.6 Timing</ref> <ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
3-valveEdit
| Vehicle name | Production years | Engine output | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ford Super Duty | 2005–2010 | Template:Cvt Template:Cvt |
||
| F-450–F-550 Chassis Cab | 2005–2019 | Template:Cvt Template:Cvt<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |
CitationClass=web
}}</ref> || | |
| F53, F59 stripped chassis | 2005–2019 | Template:Cvt Template:Cvt<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |
CitationClass=web
}}</ref>|| | |
| Ford F-650/F-750 Super Duty | 2012–2019 | Template:Cvt Template:Cvt<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |
CitationClass=web
}}</ref> || | |
| Blue Bird Vision | 2011–2021 | Template:Cvt Template:Cvt |
Equipped to run on gasoline and propane | |
| New Flyer GE40LF/GE40LFR/GE40LFA/GE35LFR | 2004–2013 | Template:Cvt<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> |
CitationClass=web
}}</ref> || ISE-Siemens ThunderVolt hybrid powertrain |
Ford of AustraliaEdit
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Ford Australia used 5.4 L Modular V8s in the Ford Fairlane and Ford Falcon sedan model ranges, as well as in its high performance Ford Performance Vehicles (FPV) division models, until mid-2010, when they were replaced by the 5.0 L. The DOHC 5.4 L V8s are named Boss by Ford Australia. The 3 valve SOHC V8s in non-FPV vehicles are named "Barra" by Ford Australia.
Ford of Australia 4-valve DOHC 5.4 L V8 engines include:
| Variant | Power | Torque |
|---|---|---|
| Boss 260 | Template:Cvt at 5250 rpm | Template:Cvt at 4250 rpm |
| Boss 290 | Template:Cvt at 5500 rpm | Template:Cvt at 4500 rpm |
| Boss 302 | Template:Cvt at 6000 rpm | Template:Cvt at 4750 rpm |
| Boss 302 | Template:Cvt at 6000 rpm | Template:Cvt at 4750 rpm for the FPV GS model |
| Boss 315 | Template:Cvt at 6500 rpm | Template:Cvt at 4750 rpm |
5.0 L and 5.3 L CammerEdit
In 2005, Ford Racing Performance Parts introduced a Template:Cvt V8 crate engine for use in motor racing and home-made performance cars, officially called M-6007-T50EA, but more widely known as "Cammer". Since then, other higher performance variations of the Cammer have been introduced for KONI Sports Car Challenge and GT4 European Cup. All versions of the Cammer are DOHC 4-valve per cylinder designs with a bore and stroke of Template:Cvt. The Cammer achieves its larger Template:Cvt bore by resleeving the 4.6 L aluminum block.<ref name="Media.ford.com">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The T50 Cammer crate engine, the least expensive and most street oriented version, uses derivatives of the cylinder heads, variable runner-length magnesium intake manifold, and camshafts first used in the 2000 FR500 Mustang concept car. These parts are unique to the T50 Cammer crate engine and are not found in any other production Modular applications. The T50 has an 11.0:1 compression ratio and exceeds Template:Cvt with the proper exhaust manifolds.<ref name="Media.ford.com"/>
The Cammer that has seen success in Grand Am Cup powering the Mustang FR500C is officially called M-6007-R50 and features a unique dual plenum, fixed runner-length magnesium intake manifold, Ford GT aluminum cylinder heads, unique camshafts of undisclosed specifications, and an 11.0:1 compression ratio. The R50 Cammer produces over Template:Cvt without restrictor plates. Upon introduction the R50 Cammer-powered Mustang FR500C proved to be dominant in Grand-Am Cup, having achieved five victories and podium appearances in nearly every race in the GS class during the 2005 season, giving David Empringham the championship title with the Multimatic Motorsports team, and Ford the manufacturer's title.Template:Citation needed
Robert Yates publicly expressed interest in using a similar 5.0 L 4-valve DOHC Modular V8 to compete in the NASCAR Winston Cup Series.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }} Robert Yates on Modulars in Winston Cup.</ref><ref>[1] Robert Yates saw the light.</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }} "While we know Robert Yates is personally interested in promoting the Modular engine for Winston Cup..."</ref> Roush-Yates supplies a naturally aspirated<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Template:Cvt 5.0 L Cammer for use in the Mustang FR500GT3 and Matech-Ford GT3 which participate in the FIA GT3 European Championship,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and a naturally aspirated Template:Cvt 5.3 L Cammer for use in the 2010 Matech-Ford GT1 that competes in FIA GT1 World Championship.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Template:Cvt Cammer's extra displacement is achieved via a Template:Cvt stroke.
World recordsEdit
World's fastest production carEdit
On February 28, 2005, the Koenigsegg CCR used a modified, Rotrex supercharged Ford Modular 4-valve DOHC 4.6 L V8, which produced 806 hp (601 kW), to achieve a top speed of 241 mph (388 km/h). Template:Citation needed span The bore was achieved using Darton M.I.D. Sleeves. This certified top speed was recorded on February 28, 2005, in Nardò, Italy, and broke the McLaren F1's world record for fastest production car.<ref>Koenigsegg World Record Press Release Template:Webarchive</ref> The accomplishment was recognized by Guinness World Records in 2005, who gave the Koenigsegg CCR the official title of "World's Fastest Production Car." The Koenigsegg record was broken several months later by the Bugatti Veyron. This engine is the basis for Koenigsegg's twin-supercharged flexible fuel V8 seen in the CCX.
1/8 Mile & 1/4 mile drag race world recordsEdit
1/8 mileEdit
On March 11, 2018, the team at Modular Motorsports Racing (MMR) used a modified (billet aluminum tall deck) Coyote engine, which produced over Template:Cvt, and set the world record for the fastest Ford Modular & Coyote engine ever in the Template:Convert, with 3.83 seconds at Template:Cvt. This beat the previous Template:Frac mile record, and made MMR’s record the first within the 3.8 seconds zone, and first to break the 200 mph mark in the 1/8 mile.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> located in Bradenton, Florida, during an event sanctioned by the National Muscle Car Association] (NMCA). The accomplishment was recognized by sanctioning bodies, such as the National Muscle Car Association (NMCA) and the National Mustang Racers Association (NMRA), granting it the official title of the "Fastest Template:Frac Mile Modular / Coyote-Powered Vehicle in the World."<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite AV mediaTemplate:Cbignore</ref> On March 10, 2019, MMR announced that they had topped their previously-held record from 2018. The team’s new records were 3.817 seconds at 204.17 mph (328.58 km/h).<ref name=":0">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}Template:Cbignore</ref> The record was accomplished with MMR’s GenX 351 cubic inch Coyote-based engine platform, that featured a "new billet manifold" and other various engine updates.<ref name=":0" />
1/4 mileEdit
On November 23, 2019, Modular Motorsports Racing (MMR) with driver Mark Luton set the world record for the "world’s fastest Ford-powered vehicle in the quarter-mile," with a 5.67 second pass at Template:Cvt. The record was accomplished with a Coyote-based engine which featured factory Ford cylinder head castings, valves, lifters, and followers sitting atop a MMR designed billet reproduction of the factory architecture Coyote cylinder block. The specifics of the engine are described by Luton as being a "351 cubic-inch billet MMR block that has a Bryant crankshaft, BME rods, and MMR pistons that are manufactured by Manley," in addition to "cylinder heads [that] are a factory cast head from Ford… that work with the twin 94 mm turbos from Garrett."<ref name=":1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The elapsed time and mph records were recorded at the Las Vegas Motor Speedway, during a qualifying race hosted by Street Car Super Nationals (SCSN).<ref name=":1" /><ref>Template:Cite AV media</ref>
Intake manifold defectEdit
Starting in 1996, Ford began installing a DuPont Zytel nylon-composite intake manifold onto the 2-valve SOHC engines. Plaintiffs in class action lawsuits alleged that the coolant crossover passage of these intake manifolds may crack, resulting in coolant leakage. A US class-action suit was filed on behalf of owners, resulting in a settlement announced on December 17, 2005.Template:Citation needed
Starting with the 2002 model year, and implemented halfway through the 2001 lineup, Ford began using a revised DuPont Zytel nylon-composite intake manifold with an aluminum front coolant crossover that corrected the issue. Replacement intakes were also made available for 1996–2001 engines.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> To be eligible for reimbursement, owners needed to contact a Ford, Lincoln or Mercury dealer within 90 days of December 16, 2005. Further, Ford offered an extended warranty for this part, for seven years from the start date (which means the initial vehicle sale date) without a mileage limitation.
The following vehicles were included in this class-action suit settlement:
- Mercury Grand Marquis, 1996–2001
- Lincoln Town Car, 1996–2001
- Ford Crown Victoria, 1996–2001
- Mercury Cougar, 1996–1997
- Ford Thunderbird, 1996–1997
- Ford Mustang, June 24, 1997 – 2001 (some vehicles)
- Ford Explorer, early 2002
Spark plug issuesEdit
2-valve 4.6 L, 5.4 L, and 6.8 L engines found in many 1997–2008 Ford, Lincoln, and Mercury vehicles may have aluminum cylinder heads with threads for spark plugs that are stripped, missing, or otherwise insufficiently bored out. Ford acknowledges this issue in Technical Service Bulletin 07-21-2 as well as earlier TSBs. Ford's TSB does not state that this issue is caused by owner neglect. For vehicles under the New Vehicle Limited Warranty, Ford will only cover the replacement of the entire cylinder head; however, the Ford recommended spark plug service interval extends beyond the duration of the New Vehicle Limited Warranty. Ford's only authorized repair procedure for out-of-warranty vehicles is to use the LOCK-N-STITCH aluminum insert and tool kit.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
3-valve 5.4 L and 6.8 L engines built before 10/9/07 and 3-valve 4.6 Ls built before 11/30/07 found in many 2004–2008 Ford, Lincoln, and Mercury vehicles have an issue with difficult-to-remove spark plugs, which can cause part of the spark plug to become seized in the cylinder head. The source of the problem is a unique plug design that uses a 2-piece shell, which often separates, leaving the lower portion of the spark plug stuck deep in the engine's cylinder head. The 2-piece OE spark plug design is intrinsically flawed, thus making it susceptible to this problem. Ford acknowledges this issue in TSB 08-7-6 as well as earlier TSBs. Ford's TSB does not state that this issue is caused by owner neglect. The TSB provides a special procedure for spark plug removal on these engines. For situations in which the spark plug has partially broken off in the cylinder head, Ford distributes multiple special tools for removing the seized portion of the plug. Their TSB explains the multiple procedures required for handling the different cases/situations that occur when parts of plugs are seized in these engines. This repair is covered for vehicles under warranty; however, the Ford recommended spark plug service interval extends beyond the duration of the New Vehicle Limited Warranty.<ref>Ford TSB 08-7-6</ref>