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The Labrador Retriever or simply Labrador or Lab is a British breed of water dog retriever gun dog. It was developed in the United Kingdom from St. John's water dogs imported from the colony of Newfoundland (now a province of Canada), and was named after the Labrador region of that colony. It is among the most commonly kept dogs in several countries, particularly in the Western world.
Labradors are often friendly, energetic, and playful.<ref name="akc" /> It was bred as a sporting and hunting dog but is widely kept as a companion dog. Though content as a companion, these dogs are intelligent and require both physical and mental stimulation. It may also be trained as a guide or assistance dog, or for rescue or therapy work.<ref name="stats">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In the 1830s, the 10th Earl of Home and his nephews, the 5th Duke of Buccleuch and Lord John Scott,<ref name="Field">Article written for The Field, 30 May 1896, 'Labrador Dogs', by John S Kerss</ref> imported progenitors of the breed from Newfoundland to Europe for use as gun dogs. Another early advocate of these Newfoundland fishing dogs was the 2nd Earl of Malmesbury, who bred them for their expertise in waterfowling.<ref name="Field" />
During the 1880s, the 3rd Earl of Malmesbury, the 6th Duke of Buccleuch, and the 12th Earl of Home collaborated to develop and establish the Labrador Retriever breed. The dogs Buccleuch Avon and Buccleuch Ned, given by Malmesbury to Buccleuch, were mated with bitches carrying blood from those originally imported by the 5th Duke and the 10th Earl of Home. The offspring are the ancestors of all modern Labradors.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
HistoryEdit
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The Labrador breed dates back to at least the 1830s, when St. John's water dogs bred by European settlers in Newfoundland were first introduced to Britain from ships trading between Canada and Poole in Dorset. These were then bred with British hunting dogs to create what became known as the Labrador Retriever. Its early patrons included the Earl of Malmesbury, the Duke of Buccleuch, the Earl of Home, and Sir John Scott. Early writers have confused the Labrador with the much larger Newfoundland and the Lesser Newfoundland, with Charles St. John even referring to the Lesser Newfoundland as the Newfoundland. Colonel Peter Hawker describes the first Labrador as being not larger than an English Pointer, more often black than other colours, long in its head and nose with a deep chest, fine legs, and short and smooth coat, and did not carry its tail as highly as the Newfoundland.<ref name=Drury1903>Template:Cite book</ref> Hawker distinguishes the Newfoundland from both the "proper Labrador" and St. John's breed of these dogs<ref name=Drury1903/><ref name=Hawker1846/> in the fifth edition of his book Instructions to Young Sportsmen, published in 1846.<ref name=Hawker1846>Template:Cite book</ref>
By 1870 the name Labrador Retriever had become common in England.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The liver (now usually called chocolate) Labrador emerged in the late 1800s, with liver-coloured pups documented at the Buccleuch kennels in 1892;<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> the first yellow Labrador on record was born in 1899 (Ben of Hyde, kennels of Major C.J. Radclyffe).<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The breed was recognised by the Kennel Club in 1903.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The first American Kennel Club (AKC) registration was in 1917.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
CharacteristicsEdit
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There is a great deal of variety among Labradors. The following characteristics are typical of the conformation show bred (bench-bred) lines of this breed in the United States and are based on the American Kennel Club standard.<ref name="akc">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Significant differences between UK and US standards are noted.
- Size: Labradors are a medium-large breed. They should be as long from the withers to the base of the tail as they are from the floor to the withers. The AKC standard includes an ideal weight for dogs of Template:Convert and for bitches as Template:Convert.<ref name="akc" /> The guidelines for height vary between the AKC, which gives Template:Convert for dogs and Template:Convert for bitches,<ref name="akc" /> The Kennel Club which advises that dogs should be Template:Convert with bitches between Template:Convert,<ref name="kc">Retriever (Labrador) Breed Standard Template:Webarchive. The Kennel Club.</ref> and the FCI which quotes a range of Template:Convert for dogs with bitches ideal at Template:Convert.<ref name=fci>Labrador Retriever. Fédération Cynologique Internationale. Accessed May 2020.</ref>
- Coat: The Labrador Retriever's coat should be short and dense, but not wiry. The coat is water-resistant, so the dog does not get cold when taking to the water in the winter. That means that the dog naturally has a slightly dry, oily coat. Acceptable colours are black, yellow, and chocolate.<ref name="akc.org">"Get to Know the Labrador Retriever", 'The American Kennel Club', Retrieved 29 May 2014</ref>
- Head: The head should be broad with slightly pronounced eyebrows. The eyes should be kind and expressive. Appropriate eye colours are brown and hazel. The lining around the eyes should be black. The ears should hang close to the head and be set slightly above the eyes.
- Jaws: The jaws should be strong and powerful. The muzzle should be of medium length and should not be too tapered. The jaws should hang slightly and curve gracefully back.
- Body: The body should have a powerful and muscular build.
The tail and coat are designated "distinctive [or distinguishing] features" of the Labrador by both the Kennel Club and AKC.<ref name="akc"/><ref name="kc" /> The AKC adds that the "true Labrador Retriever temperament is as much a hallmark of the breed as the 'otter' tail."<ref name="akc" />
ColourEdit
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Labradors are registered in three colours: Solid black, yellow (anything from creamy white to fox-red), and chocolate (medium to dark brown; originally called "liver").<ref> {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }} </ref>
Puppies of all colours can occur in the same litter. Coat colour is determined primarily by three genes, called MC1R, Agouti, and CBD103. If a dog carries wild type alleles at all three loci, the dog will have a yellow coat. If a dog has a loss-of-function mutation at MC1R, it will also have a yellow coat, regardless of the genotypes at the other two loci. Dogs carrying wild-type alleles for MC1R and Agouti, together with the black allele of CBD103, will have a black coat.<ref name=Candille-Kaelin-etal-2007> Template:Cite journal </ref>Template:Efn
According to a 2011 study, 13 out of 245 Labradors studied were heterozygous for the M264V mutation responsible for the melanistic mask, and one was homozygous. Within this breed, the trait cannot be determined simply by appearance.<ref> Template:Cite journal </ref>
Show and field linesEdit
As a result of specialised breeding, there are significant differences between field and trial-bred and show-bred lines of Labradors. In the United States, the former are sometimes mistakenly referred to as "American" and the latter as "English." In fact, both field and show types are bred in both countries and all Labrador Retrievers are descended from British lines.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
HealthEdit
Labrador Retrievers have a predisposition to chronic hepatitis.<ref name="hepatitis">Template:Cite journal</ref> One UK study found a 4.14 odds ratio.<ref name="hepatobiliary">Template:Cite journal</ref> Some studies report a predilection for Labrador Retriever bitches.<ref name="hepatitis"/> The reason for the predilection is unknown. Ideas proposed include it being hereditary<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> or environmental.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The Labrador Retriever also shows a predisposition to other hepatobiliary diseases, including: reactive hepatitis, nodular hyperplasia, and gall bladder disease.<ref name="hepatobiliary"/>
A UK study found the breed's average life expectancy to be 13.1 years.<ref name=McMillan2024>Template:Cite journalSupplementary Table 3</ref> A joint study by the Royal Veterinary College study and The University of Sydney, concluded that chocolate-coloured Labradors have a shorter average life expectancy than other colours of Labrador (by about 10%) and are more likely to suffer some health problems.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> A 2024 Italian study found a life expectancy of 11 years for the breed compared to 10 years overall.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> A 2005 Swedish study of insurance data found that 25% of Labrador Retrievers died by the age of 10, less than the overall rate of 35% of dogs dying by the age of 10.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Labradors are somewhat prone to hip and elbow dysplasia,<ref name="UPEI">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> especially in larger dogs.<ref>Newton, C. D.; Nunamaker, D. M. (Eds.) "Textbook of Small Animal Orthopaedics Template:Webarchive." Published by the International Veterinary Information Service (Riser, Rhodes and Newton). p. 2.</ref> Eye diseases may include progressive retinal atrophy, cataracts, corneal dystrophy<ref name="UPEI"/> and retinal dysplasia.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> They can suffer from exercise induced collapse, which causes hyperthermia, weakness, collapse, and disorientation after short bouts of exercise,<ref name="taylor1">Template:Cite journal</ref> or from obesity, which in some cases may be partly due to the absence of part or all of the proopiomelanocortin gene.<ref name="Raffan">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="Freytas-tamura">Template:Cite news</ref>
The Labrador Retriever is one of the more commonly affected breeds for progressive rod-cone degeneration. An autosomal recessive mutation in the PRCD gene is responsible for the condition in the breed.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
UseEdit
Labrador Retrievers have proven to have a high success rate at becoming guide dogs. A study published in 2006, tested the suitability of four different breeds (Labrador Retriever, Golden Retriever, Labrador Retriever/Golden Retriever Mix, and German Shepherds) as guide dogs. In this experiment, German Shepherds had the highest chance of not completing it. Labrador Retrievers and the Labrador Retriever/Golden Retriever Crossbreeds had the highest success rate. However, German Shepherds and Golden Retrievers had a higher success rate after going through longer training than the training required for Labrador Retrievers.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
The Labrador Retriever is a gun dog bred to retrieve on land and water.<ref name="magazine">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> As a dog specially bred for water retrieving, the Labrador has developed various traits for this job. For retrieving the Labrador Retriever has a soft mouth, a trait that allows it to carry game and waterfowl without damaging it.<ref name="Journal">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> And for swimming, the Labrador is aided by fully webbed paws, an otter-like tail, and a waterproof coat.<ref name="Eight">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The high intelligence, initiative and self-direction of Labradors in working roles is exemplified by dogs such as Endal, who was trained to, if need be, put his human who uses a wheelchair in the recovery position, cover him with a blanket, and activate an emergency phone.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> A number of Labradors have also been taught to assist their owner in removing money and credit cards from ATMs with prior training.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The breed is used in water rescue/lifesaving. It continues in that role today, along with the Leonberger, Newfoundland and Golden Retriever dogs; they are used at the Italian School of Canine Lifeguard.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
In warEdit
Labradors have been used as war dogs.
- World War II: Labradors were trained for tasks such as bomb detection and handling dangerous situations.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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- Vietnam War: Labradors served as tracker dogs, alerting handlers to snipers, tripwires, and weapons caches. Their training enabled them to locate injured enemies, missing personnel, or enemy positions.Template:R<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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- Modern military use: Labradors continue to serve in roles such as bomb detection and search and rescue operations. Their calm demeanor and adaptability make them suitable for various military tasks.
DemographyEdit
{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Template:Update section The Labrador is an exceptionally popular dog. As of 2006, it was widely considered the most popular breed in the world,Template:Citation needed and it is the most popular dog by ownership in Canada, New Zealand<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and the United Kingdom.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 2006 both the United Kingdom and the United States, there are well over twice as many registered Labradors as the next most popular breed.<ref name=uk_kc_stats>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=akc_stats>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> If the comparison is limited to dog breeds of a similar size, then there are around 3–5 times as many Labradors registered in both countries as the next most popular breeds, the German shepherd dog and Golden retriever.<ref name=uk_kc_stats/><ref name=akc_stats/>
They are the most popular breed of assistance dog in the United States, Australia, and many other countries,<ref name=Alecia>Template:Cite book</ref> as well as being widely used by police and other official bodies for their detection and working abilities. Approximately 60–70% of all guide dogs in the United States are Labradors.Template:Citation needed
In 2022 Labrador Retrievers were the second most popular breed in the United States.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 2020 the Labrador was the most popular registered dog breed in New Zealand.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Seven out of the thirteen "outstanding gundogs" of the Australian National Kennel Council's 2000–2005 appointees to its 'hall of fame' are Labradors.<ref> {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }} </ref>
Famous LabradorsEdit
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Notable labradors within various categories include:
Assistance dogsEdit
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- Endal, a service dog<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref> in Britain. Among other distinctions, "the most decorated dog in the world" (including "Dog of the Millennium" and the PDSA's Gold Medal for Animal Gallantry and Devotion to Duty), the first dog to ride on the London Eye and the first dog known to work a 'chip and pin' ATM card. By Endal's death in March 2009, he and his owner/handler Allen Parton had been filmed almost 350 times by crews from several countries, and a film of a year in Endal's life was in production.
- Sully, served with former US President George H. W. Bush during the last six months of his life; noted for his role during the president's funeral. A form of Parkinson's disease confined the former president to a wheelchair or motorised scooter in the final years of his life. Among the services that Sully was able to perform for Bush were retrieving dropped items, opening and closing doors, pushing an emergency button and supporting him when standing.<ref>‘Mission complete’: Sully, Bush’s service dog, stays at the former president’s side for one last journey. (3 December 2018). The Seattle Times. https://www.seattletimes.com/nation-world/mission-complete-sully-bushs-service-dog-stays-at-former-presidents-side-for-one-last-journey/</ref>
Police, military, rescue and detection dogsEdit
- Frida (12 April 2009 – 15 November 2022)<ref>
Template:Cite news</ref> was a yellow Labrador Retriever who worked as a search and rescue dog for the Mexican Navy (SEMAR). She was deployed to help the rescue efforts in the aftermath of natural disasters.
- Zanjeer ("Chain", or "Shackles"), a detection dog who detected arms and ammunition used in the 1993 Mumbai (Bombay) serial explosions. During his service, he helped recover 57 country-made bombs, 175 petrol bombs, 11 military-grade armaments, 242 grenades and 600 detonators. His biggest contribution to the police force and the city was the detection of 3,329 kg of RDX. He also helped detect Template:Nobr rifles and five 9 mm pistols.
- Lucky and Flo, twin Black Labrador counterfeit-detection dogs who became famous in 2007 for "sniffing out nearly 2 million counterfeit DVDs" on a 6-month secondment to Malaysia in 2007.<ref>
Template:Cite news </ref> Following the multimillion-dollar, 6 arrest Malaysian detection, they became the first dogs to be awarded Malaysia's "outstanding service award"<ref> Template:Cite news </ref> and software pirates were stated to have put a £30,000 contract out for their lives.<ref> Template:Cite news </ref><ref> Template:Cite news </ref>
- Sarbi, an Australian special forces explosives detection dog that spent almost 14 months missing in action (MIA) in Afghanistan before being recovered safe and well in 2009.<ref name=ADDRelease12Nov09>
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- Jake, an American black Labrador who served as a search and rescue dog following the September 11 attacks and Hurricane Katrina.<ref>
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- Salty and Roselle, awarded the Dickin Medal for conspicuous gallantry or devotion to duty while serving in military conflict. They led their blind owners down more than 70 flights of stairs to escape from the damaged World Trade Center on 11 September 2001<ref name=wtc>
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- Sadie, awarded the Dickin Medal for conspicuous gallantry or devotion to duty while serving in military conflict. She detected explosive devices, which were subsequently disarmed, while serving in Kabul, Afghanistan, in November 2005; she served with the Royal Gloucestershire, Berkshire and Wiltshire Regiment<ref>
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- Sasha, awarded the Dickin Medal for conspicuous gallantry or devotion to duty while serving in military conflict. Located 15 improvised explosive devices, mortars, mines, and weapons while serving in Afghanistan, with the Royal Army Veterinary Corps. In July 2008 Sasha and her handler were killed in a Taliban ambush by a rocket-propelled grenade.<ref>
Template:Cite news </ref><ref name=guardiansasha> Template:Cite news </ref>
PetsEdit
- Former President of the United States Bill Clinton's Labradors Buddy and Seamus.<ref name="Bill Clinton Labradors">Template:Cite journal</ref>
- Russian President Vladimir Putin's Labrador 'Konni'.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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- Marley, "The World's Worst Dog", featured in journalist John Grogan's autobiographical book Marley & Me, adapted into a 2008 comedy drama film of the same name.
- Canadian singer Celine Dion's labradors Charlie and Bear. They were represented in numerous magazines with the singer and her family, becoming pets celebrities in their own names.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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FootnotesEdit
ReferencesEdit
SourcesEdit
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