Caduceus

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Modern depiction of the caduceus as the symbol of logistics

File:Hermes Ingenui Pio-Clementino Inv544.jpg

lang}}Template:Efn carrying a winged caduceus upright in his left hand. A Roman copy after a Greek original of the 5th century BCE (Museo Pio-Clementino, Rome)

The caduceus (☤; Template:IPAc-en; Template:Etymology, Template:Etymology)Template:Efn is the staff carried by Hermes in Greek mythology and consequently by Hermes Trismegistus in Greco-Egyptian mythology. The same staff was borne by other heralds like Iris, the messenger of Hera. The short staff is entwined by two serpents, sometimes surmounted by wings. In Roman iconography, it was depicted being carried in the left hand of Mercury, the messenger of the gods.

Some accounts assert that the oldest imagery of the caduceus is rooted in Mesopotamia with the Sumerian god Ningishzida; his symbol, a staff with two snakes intertwined around it, dates back to 4000 BC to 3000 BC.<ref>Gary Lachman, The Quest for Hermes Trismigestus, 2011, Chapter 3, p. x.</ref> This iconography may have been a representation of two snakes copulating.Template:Sfnp

As a symbol, it represents Hermes (or the Roman Mercury), and by extension trades, occupations, or undertakings associated with the god. In later Antiquity, the caduceus provided the basis for the astronomical symbol for planet Mercury. Thus, through its use in astrology, alchemy, and astronomy it has come to denote the planet Mercury and by extension the eponymous planetary metal. It is said that the wand would wake the sleeping and send the awake to sleep. If applied to the dying, their death was gentle; if applied to the dead, they returned to life.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

By extension of its association with Mercury and Hermes, the caduceus is also a symbol of commerce and negotiation, two realms in which exchange balanced by reciprocity is recognized as an ideal.<ref name=Hermes>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>Template:Sfnp<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> This association is ancient, and consistent from classical antiquity to modernity.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The caduceus is also a symbol of printing, by extension of the attributes of Mercury associated with writing and eloquence.

Although the Rod of Asclepius, which has only one snake and no wings, is the traditional and more widely used symbol of medicine, the caduceus is sometimes used by healthcare organizations. Given that the caduceus is primarily a symbol of commerce and other non-medical symbology, many healthcare professionals disapprove of this use.<ref name=Engle/>

Classical antiquityEdit

MythologyEdit

The Homeric Hymn to Hermes relates how his half brother Apollo was enchanted by Hermes's music from his lyre fashioned from a tortoise shell, which Hermes kindly gave to him. Apollo in return gave Hermes the caduceus as a gesture of friendship.Template:Sfnp The association with the serpent thus connects Hermes to Apollo, as later the serpent was associated with Asclepius, the "son of Apollo".<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

The association of Apollo with the serpent is a continuation of the older Indo-European dragon-slayer motif. Wilhelm Heinrich Roscher (1913) pointed out that the serpent as an attribute of both Hermes and Asclepius is a variant of the "pre-historic semi-chthonic serpent hero known at Delphi as Python", who in classical mythology is slain by Apollo.<ref>Template:Cite journal (citing W. H. Roscher, Omphalos (1913))</ref>

One Greek myth of origin of the caduceus is part of the story of Tiresias,<ref name=blayney>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> who found two snakes copulating and killed the female with his staff. Tiresias was immediately turned into a woman, and so remained until he was able to repeat the act with the male snake seven years later. This staff later came into the possession of the god Hermes, along with its transformative powers.

Another myth suggests that Hermes (or Mercury) saw two serpents entwined in mortal combat. Separating them with his wand he brought about peace between them, and as a result the wand with two serpents came to be seen as a sign of peace.Template:Sfnp

In Rome, Livy refers to the caduceator who negotiated peace arrangements under the diplomatic protection of the caduceus he carried.<ref>Livy: Ab Urbe Condita Libri, 31,38,9–10</ref>

IconographyEdit

In some vase paintings ancient depictions of the Greek kerukeion are somewhat different from the commonly seen modern representation. These representations feature the two snakes atop the staff (or rod), crossed to create a circle with the heads of the snakes resembling horns. This old graphic form, with an additional crossbar to the staff, seems to have provided the basis for the graphical sign of Mercury (☿) used in Greek astrology from Late Antiquity.<ref>"Signs and Symbols Used In Writing and Printing", p 269, in Webster's New Twentieth Century Dictionary of the English Language, unabridged, New York, 1953. Here the symbol of the planet Mercury is indicated as "the caduceus of Mercury, or his head and winged cap".</ref>

Origin and comparative mythologyEdit

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File:Lekythos of Hermes.jpg

Hermes hastens bearing his kerukeion, on an Attic lekythos, Template:Circa, attributed to the Tithonos Painter

The term kerukeion denoted any herald's staff, not necessarily associated with Hermes in particular.<ref>Oxford Classical Dictionary, third edition, ed. Hornblower and Spawforth, s.v. "Hermes".</ref>

In his study of the cult of Hermes, Lewis Richard Farnell (1909) assumed that the two snakes had simply developed out of ornaments of the shepherd's crook used by heralds as their staff.<ref>Farnell, The Cults of the Greek States, vol. 5, p. 20, cited in Tyson 1932:494.</ref> This view has been rejected by later authors pointing to parallel iconography in the Ancient Near East. It has been argued that the staff or wand entwined by two snakes was itself representing a god in the pre-anthropomorphic era. Like the herm or priapus, it would thus be a predecessor of the anthropomorphic Hermes of the classical era.<ref>Template:Cite journal Frothingham characterizes Farnell's simplistic view of the origin of the symbol as a "frivolous and futile theory".</ref>

Ancient Near EastEdit

File:Serpent god Ningishzida on the libation vase of Gudea, circa 2100 BCE.jpg

The Caduceus, symbol of God Ningishzida, on the libation vase of Sumerian ruler Gudea, Template:Circa

File:Caduceus on Mauryan coin.jpg

Caduceus symbol on a punch-marked coin of king Ashoka in India, third to second century BC

William Hayes Ward (1910) discovered that symbols similar to the classical caduceus sometimes appeared on Mesopotamian cylinder seals. He suggested the symbol originated some time between 3000 and 4000 BC, and that it might have been the source of the Greek caduceus.<ref>William Hayes Ward, The Seal Cylinders of Western Asia, Washington, 1910</ref> A.L. Frothingham incorporated Ward's research into his own work, published in 1916, in which he suggested that the prototype of Hermes was an "Oriental deity of Babylonian extraction" represented in his earliest form as a snake god. From this perspective, the caduceus was originally representative of Hermes himself, in his early form as the Underworld god Ningishzida, "messenger" of the "Earth Mother".<ref>A.L. Frothingham, "Babylonian Origins of Hermes the Snake-God, and of the Caduceus", in American Journal of Archaeology, Vol. 20, No. 2, pp. 175–211</ref> The caduceus is mentioned in passing by Walter Burkert<ref>Burkert, Greek Religion 1985: II.2.8, p. 158; Burkert notes H. Frankfort, in Iraq, 1 (1934:10) and E.D. van Buren, in Archiv für Orientforschung, 10 (1935/36:53-65).</ref> as "really the image of copulating snakes taken over from Ancient Near Eastern tradition".

In Egyptian iconography, the Djed pillar is depicted as containing a snake in a frieze of the Dendera Temple complex.

IndiaEdit

The caduceus also appears as a symbol of the punch-marked coins of the Maurya Empire in India, in the third or second century BC. Numismatic research suggest that this symbol was the symbol of the Buddhist king Ashoka, his personal "Mudra".<ref>Damodar Dharmanand Kosambi, Indian Numismatics, Orient Longman, New Delhi 1981, p. 73 (online).</ref> This symbol was not used on the pre-Mauryan punch-marked coins, but only on coins of the Maurya period, together with the three arched-hill symbol, the "peacock on the hill", the triskelis and the Taxila mark.<ref>Kailash Chand Jain, Malwa Through the Ages. From the Earliest Time to 1305 A.D., Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi et al. 1972, p. 134 (online).</ref> It also appears carved in basalt rock in few temples of western ghats.

Early modern useEdit

During the early modern period, the caduceus was used as a symbol of rhetoric (associated with Mercury's eloquence).<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

A seated woman with a scroll and two books, holding a caduce Wellcome V0047927.jpg

Engraving by Hendrik Goltzius (1558–1617)
Rhetoric- a young woman standing in a decorated interior with a caduceus in her right hand and a closed fan in her left hand, from the series 'The liberal arts' (Les arts liberaux) MET DP829049.jpg

La Retorique (1633–35)
Allegory of Rhetoric.jpg

Allegory of Rhetoric (1650)

Modern useEdit

Symbol of commerceEdit

A simplified caduceus is found in dictionaries, as a "commercial term" entirely in keeping with the association of Hermes with commerce. In this form the staff is often depicted with two winglets and the snakes omitted or reduced to a small ring in the middle.<ref name=Hermes /> The customs service of the former German Democratic Republic demonstrated the caduceus' association with thresholds, translators, and commerce in the service medals issued to their staff. The caduceus is also the symbol of the customs agency of Bulgaria and of the financial administration of the Slovakia<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> (Tax and Customs administration). The emblems of Belarus Customs<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and China Customs<ref>海关关徽 Template:Webarchive.</ref> are a caduceus crossing with a golden key. The emblem of the Federal Customs Service of Russia has a caduceus crossing with a torch on the shield. The coat of arms of Kyiv National University of Trade and Economics of Ukraine has two crossed torches surmounted by a caduceus on the shield.

Confusion with Rod of AsclepiusEdit

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Computer codingEdit

Template:Infobox symbol For use in documents prepared on computer, the symbol has code point in Unicode, at Template:Unichar. There is a similar glyph encoded at Template:Unichar, an alchemical symbol at Template:Unichar, and an astrological one at Template:Unichar. [For information on how to enter the symbol, see Unicode input (or copy/paste it directly).] These symbols are not provided in all fonts, especially older ones.