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In Greek mythology, Patroclus (generally pronounced Template:IPAc-en; Template:Langx) was a Greek hero of the Trojan War and an important character in Homer's Iliad.<ref name="IliadMartin" /> Born in Opus, Patroclus was the son of the Argonaut Menoetius. When he was a child, he was exiled from his hometown and was adopted by Peleus, king of Phthia. There, he was raised alongside Peleus' son, Achilles, a childhood friend, who became a close wartime companion. When the tide of the war turned against the Achaeans, Patroclus, disguised as Achilles and defying his orders to retreat in time, led the Myrmidons in battle against the Trojans and was eventually killed by the Trojan prince, Hector. Enraged by Patroclus's death, Achilles ended his refusal to fight, resulting in significant Greek victories.
NameEdit
The Latinized name Patroclus derives from the Ancient Greek Pátroklos ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}), meaning "glory of his father," from {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (patḗr, "father" stem pátr-) and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (kléos, "glory"). A variation of the name with the same components in different order is Kleópatros, while the feminine form of the name is Cleopatra.
There are at least three pronunciations of the name 'Patroclus' in English.<ref>Carey (1816) Practical English Prosody and Versification, p. 125 fn</ref> Because the penultimate syllable is light in Latin prose (pă′.trŏ.clŭs), the antepenult was stressed in Latin and would normally be stressed in English as well, for Template:IPAc-en (analogous to 'Sophocles').<ref>Bechtel (1908) Pronunciation</ref> However, this pronunciation is seldom encountered: for metrical convenience, Alexander Pope had made the 'o' long, and thus stressed, in his translation of Homer, following a convention of Greek and Latin verse, and that pronunciation – of Latin pa.trō′.clus – has stuck, for English Template:IPAc-en.<ref>Template:Dict.com</ref> Moreover, because in prose, a penultimate Greco-Latin short o (omicron) would only be stressed in a closed syllable, the penult has sometimes been misanalysed as being closed (*pă.trŏc′.lŭs), which would change the English o to a short vowel: Template:IPAc-en.<ref>Template:Cite dictionary</ref>
Description and familyEdit
In the account of Dares the Phrygian, Patroclus was illustrated as "... handsome and powerfully built. His eyes were gray. He was modest, dependable, wise, a man richly endowed."<ref>Dares Phrygius, History of the Fall of Troy 13</ref>
Patroclus was the son of Menoetius (hence called Menoetiades {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, meaning "son of Menoetius")<ref>Charlton T. Lewis, Charles Short, A Latin Dictionary, Menoetius</ref> by either Philomela<ref>Eustathius on Homer, p. 1498; Scholia on Homer, Odyssey 4.343 and 17.134; Hyginus, Fabulae 97</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> or Polymele, Sthenele,<ref>Scholia on Homer, Iliad 16.14; on Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica 1.46;</ref> Periopis,<ref>Apollodorus, 3.13.8 mentions the three possible mothers of Patroclus: (1) Polymele, daughter of Peleus (according to Philocrates), (2) Sthenele, daughter of Acastus and lastly (3) Periopis, daughter of Pheres</ref> or lastly Damocrateia.<ref>Pythaenetos, quoting the scholiast on Pindar, Olympian Odes 9.107</ref> His only sibling was Myrto, mother of Eucleia by Heracles.<ref>Plutarch, Aristides 20.6</ref> Homer also references Menoetius as the individual who gave Patroclus to Peleus.<ref>Homer, Iliad 23.85 ff.</ref> Menoetius was the son of Actor,<ref>Homer, Iliad 11.785, 16.14.</ref> king of Opus in Locris, by Aegina, daughter of Asopus. Patroclus was Achilles's first cousin once removed through their paternal family connection to Aegina, as Achilles was the son of Peleus and grandson of Aeacus, son of Aegina by Zeus.
| Relation | Names | Sources | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Homer | Pindar | Apollonius | Philocrates | Apollodorus | Plutarch | Hyginus | Eustathius | Tzetzes | ||||
| Iliad | Sch. Il. | Sch. Ody. | Scholia | Scholia | ||||||||
| Parents | Menoetius | ✓ | ||||||||||
| Menoetius and Sthenele | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||||
| Menoetius and Philomela Template:Clarify |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||||
| Menoetius and Polymele | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||||||
| Menoetius and Damocrateia | ✓ | |||||||||||
| Menoetius and Periopis | ✓ | |||||||||||
| Sibling | Myrto | ✓ | ||||||||||
MythologyEdit
Early daysEdit
During his childhood, Patroclus had accidentally killed his playmate Clysonymus over a game of dice. As a result, he was exiled from his home, Opus, with Menoetius sending him to Peleus, king of Phthia and father of Achilles.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=":1">Template:Cite journal</ref> Peleus named Patroclus Achilles's "squire", as they both grew up together and became close friends.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Patroclus acted as a male role model for Achilles, being both kinder than him as well as wiser regarding counsel.<ref name=Nestors_advice group=lower-alpha/><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Patroclus's early life, including his flight to the house of Peleus, is narrated later in the Iliad, when his ghost appears to Achilles reminding him about his past and giving him advice about his burial.<ref name=":1" />
According to Photius, Ptolemy Hephaestion (probably referring to Ptolemy Chennus) wrote that Patroclus was also loved by the sea god Poseidon, who taught him the art of riding horses.<ref>Photius, Bibliotheca codex 190.</ref>
Trojan WarEdit
According to the Iliad, when the tide of the Trojan War had turned against the Greeks and the Trojans were threatening their ships, Patroclus convinced Achilles to let him lead the Myrmidons into combat. Achilles consented, giving Patroclus the armor Achilles had received from his father in order for Patroclus to impersonate Achilles. Achilles then told Patroclus to return after beating the Trojans back from their ships.<ref name=Lattimore2011>Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp
Patroclus defied Achilles's order and pursued the Trojans back to the gates of Troy.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Patroclus killed many Trojans and Trojan allies, including a son of Zeus, Sarpedon.<ref name="Lattimore2011" />Template:Rp While fighting, Patroclus's wits were removed by Apollo, after which the spear of Euphorbos hit Patroclus.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite journal</ref> Hector then kills Patroclus by stabbing him in the stomach with a spear.<ref name="Lattimore2011" />Template:Rp
Achilles retrieved his body, which had been stripped of armor by Hector and protected on the battlefield by Menelaus and Ajax.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Achilles did not allow the burial of Patroclus's body until the ghost of Patroclus appeared and demanded his burial in order to pass into Hades.<ref name="Lattimore2011" />Template:Rp Patroclus was then cremated on a funeral pyre, which was covered in the hair of his sorrowful companions. As the cutting of hair was a sign of grief while also acting as a sign of the separation of the living and the dead, this points to how well-liked Patroclus had been.<ref name="IliadMartin">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp The ashes of Achilles were said to have been buried in a golden urn along with those of Patroclus by the Hellespont.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Relationship with AchillesEdit
Template:Main article Although there is no explicit sexual relationship between Achilles and Patroclus in the Homeric tradition, a few later Greek authors wrote about what they saw as implied in the text regarding their relationship. Aeschylus and Phaedrus, for example, state there was a clear relationship between them. Aeschylus refers to Achilles as the erastes, while Phaedrus refers to Achilles as the eromenos of the relationship.<ref name= Michelakis2007<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name=Morales2003/> Morales and Mariscal state, "There is a polemical tradition concerning the nature of the relationship between the two heroes."<ref name=Morales2003>Template:Cite journal</ref>
According to Ledbetter (1993),<ref name="Ledbetter1993" /> there is a train of thought that Patroclus could have been a representation of the compassionate side of Achilles, who was known for his rage, mentioned in the first line of Homer's Iliad. Ledbetter connects the way that Achilles and his mother, Thetis, communicate to the link between Achilles and Patroclus. Ledbetter does so by comparing how Thetis comforts the weeping Achilles in Book 1 of the Iliad to how Achilles comforts Patroclus as he weeps in Book 16. Achilles uses a simile containing a young girl tearfully looking at her mother to complete the comparison. Ledbetter believes this puts Patroclus into a subordinate role to that of Achilles.<ref name="Ledbetter1993">Template:Cite journal</ref> However, as Patroclus is explicitly stated to be the elder of the two characters,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> this is not evidence of their ages or social relation to each other.
James Hooker describes the literary reasons for Patroclus's character within the Iliad. He states that another character could have filled the role of confidant for Achilles and that it was only through Patroclus that we have a worthy reason for Achilles's wrath.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Hooker claims that without the death of Patroclus, an event that weighed heavily upon him, Achilles's following act of compliance to fight would have disrupted the balance of the Iliad.<ref name=":5">Template:Cite journal</ref>
Hooker describes the necessity of Patroclus sharing a deep affection with Achilles within the Iliad. According to his theory, this affection allows an even more profound tragedy to occur. Hooker argues that the greater the love, the greater the loss. Hooker continues to negate Ledbetter's theory that Patroclus is in some way a surrogate for Achilles; rather, Hooker views Patroclus's character as a counterpart to that of Achilles. Hooker reminds us that it is Patroclus who pushes the Trojans back, which Hooker claims makes Patroclus a hero, as well as foreshadowing what Achilles is to do.<ref name=":5" />
Achilles and Patroclus grew up together after Menoitios gave Patroclus to Achilles's father, Peleus. During this time, Peleus made Patroclus one of Achilles's "henchmen."<ref name="The Iliad of Homer">Template:Cite book Template:Full citation needed</ref> While Homer's Iliad never explicitly stated that Achilles and Patroclus were lovers, this concept was propounded by some later authors.<ref name="Martin 2012">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name=":3">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Efn
Aeschines asserts that there was no need to explicitly state the relationship as a romantic one,<ref name=":3" /> for such "is manifest to such of his hearers as are educated men."<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In later Greek writings, such as Plato's Symposium, the relationship between Patroclus and Achilles is discussed as a model of romantic love.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> However, Xenophon, in his Symposium, had Socrates argue that it was inaccurate to label their relationship as romantic. Nevertheless, their relationship is said to have inspired Alexander the Great in his own close relationship with his life-long companion Hephaestion.<ref name="Martin 2012" /><ref name=":2">Template:Cite book</ref>
In the Iliad, Achilles was younger than Patroclus.Template:EfnTemplate:Efn This reinforces Dowden's explanation of the relationship between an eromenos, a youth in transition, and an erastes, an older male who had recently made the same transition.<ref name="Dowden1992" />Template:Rp Dowden also notes the common occurrence of such relationships as a form of initiation.<ref name="Dowden1992" />Template:Rp However, Statius in the Achilleid states that the two were either within the same age group or acted as if they were.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Patroclus is a character in William Shakespeare's play Troilus and Cressida. In the play, Achilles, who has become lazy, is besotted with Patroclus, and the other characters complain that Achilles and Patroclus are too busy having sex to fight in the war.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
| Achilles and Patroclus myths as told by story tellers |
|---|
| Bibliography of reconstruction: Homer Iliad, 9.308, 16.2, 11.780, 23.54 (700 BC); Pindar Olympian Odes, IX (476 BC); Aeschylus Myrmidons, F135-36 (495 BC); Euripides Iphigenia in Aulis, (405 BC); Plato Symposium, 179e (388-367 BC); Statius Achilleid, 161, 174, 182 (96 AD) |
FootnotesEdit
ReferencesEdit
BibliographyEdit
- Apollodorus, Apollodorus, The Library, with an English Translation by Sir James George Frazer, F.B.A., F.R.S. in 2 Volumes, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd., 1921. Template:ISBN. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
- Homer, The Iliad with an English Translation by A.T. Murray, Ph.D. in two volumes. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann, Ltd., 1924. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
- Template:Cite book{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}
- Tzetzes, John, Allegories of the Iliad translated by Goldwyn, Adam J. and Kokkini, Dimitra. Dumbarton Oaks Medieval Library, Harvard University Press, 2015. Template:ISBN