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Holland Codes

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File:Holland Codes hexagon.gif
John L. Holland's RIASEC hexagon of The Holland Codes.

The Holland Codes or the Holland Occupational Themes (RIASEC<ref name=":0">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>) are a taxonomy of interests<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> based on a theory of careers and vocational choice that was initially developed by American psychologist John L. Holland.<ref name=association>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=2010cp>"The Development, Evolution, and Status of Holland's Theory of Vocational Personalities: Reflections and Future Directions for Counseling Psychology." Journal of Counseling Psychology, Vol 57(1), 2010, 11–22.</ref>

The Holland Codes serve as a component of the interests assessment, the Strong Interest Inventory. In addition, the US Department of Labor's Employment and Training Administration has been using an updated and expanded version of the RIASEC model in the "Interests" section of its free online database O*NET (Occupational Information Network)<ref name=onetint>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> since its inception during the late 1990s.<ref name=replace>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=second>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

OverviewEdit

Holland's theories of vocational choice, The Holland Occupational Themes, "now pervades career counseling research and practice".<ref name=2010cp/> Its origins "can be traced to an article in the Journal of Applied Psychology in 1958 and a subsequent article in 1959 that set out his theory of vocational choices. ... The basic premise was that one's occupational preferences were in a sense a veiled expression of underlying character."<ref name=obitathan>Athanasou, James. "Obituary: John L. Holland 1919–2008" Australian Journal of Career Development, September 22, 2009.</ref> The 1959 article in particular ("A Theory of Vocational Choice", published in the Journal of Counseling Psychology) is considered the first major introduction of Holland's "theory of vocational personalities and work environments".<ref name=2010cp/>

Holland originally labeled his six types as "motoric, intellectual, esthetic, supportive, persuasive, and conforming".<ref name="2010cp" /> He later developed and changed them to: "Realistic (Doers), Investigative (Thinkers), Artistic (Creators), Social (Helpers), Enterprising (Persuaders), and Conventional (Organizers)".<ref name="nhgov">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Holland's six categories show some correlation with each other.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> It is called the RIASEC model or the hexagonal model because the initial letter of the region is equal to R-I-A-S-E-C when it is expressed as a circle connecting the regions of high correlation. Professor John Johnson of Penn State suggested that an alternative way of categorizing the six types would be through ancient social roles: "hunters (Realistic), shamans (Investigative), artisans (Artistic), healers (Social), leaders (Enterprising), and lorekeepers (Conventional)".<ref name=seva>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Holland offers full definitions of each type in his book, Making Vocational Choices: A Theory of Vocational Personalities and Work Environments (Third Edition) (1997).<ref name=hollandbook>Template:Cite book</ref>

According to the Committee on Scientific Awards, Holland's "research shows that personalities seek out and flourish in career environments they fit and that jobs and career environments are classifiable by the personalities that flourish in them".<ref name=08win>"Award for distinguished scientific applications of psychology: John L. Holland". American Psychologist, Vol 63(8), Nov 2008, 672–674.</ref> Holland also wrote of his theory that "the choice of a vocation is an expression of personality".<ref name="holl73">Holland, John. Making Vocational Choices: A Theory of Careers. (Prentice-Hall, 1973).</ref>Template:Rp Furthermore, while Holland suggested that people can be "categorized as one of six types",<ref name="holl73"/>Template:Rp he also argued that "a six-category scheme built on the assumption that there are only six kinds of people in the world is unacceptable on the strength of common sense alone. But a six category scheme that allows a simple ordering of a person's resemblance to each of the six models provides the possibility of 720 different personality patterns."<ref name="holl73"/>Template:Rp

Related modelEdit

Prediger's two-dimensional modelEdit

Prediger constructed the scale of "work task" and "work relevant abilities" based on Holland's model, and carried out factor analysis and multidimensional scale analysis to clarify the basic structure.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> As a result, two axes of Data/Ideas and Things/People were extracted. Although Prediger's inquiry did not start from interest per se, it eventually led to the birth of models other than RIASEC, suggesting that the structure of occupational interest may provide a basic dimension.

Tracey and Rounds's octagonal modelEdit

In the United States, the energetic trial is being made with the aim of the new model which surpasses Holland hexagon model in 1990's. Tracey & Rounds's octagonal model is one such example.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Based on the empirical data, they argue that occupational interests can be placed circularly in a two-dimensional plane consisting of People/Things and Data/ldeas axes, and the number of regions can be arbitrarily determined. According to their model, only Holland's hexagonal model does not adequately represent the structure of occupational interest, and it is possible to retain validity as an octagonal or 16 square model if necessary.

Tracey, Watanabe, & Schneider conducted an international comparative study of job interests among Japanese and U.S. university students, and the results suggest that the Tracey & Rounds's octagonal model is more fitted to Japanese students than Holland's hexagonal model.

Tracey and Rounds's spherical modelEdit

Tracey & Rounds criticizes that the conventional models of occupational interest structure do not correctly depict the positional relationship of occupations because they neglect occupational prestige, i.e., "social prestige" or "high socioeconomic status" and proposes a spherical model that assigns occupations to a 3-dimensional space incorporating occupational prestige.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> In this model, 18 regions of interest are displayed on a spherical space. The left hemisphere has a high status area, with Health Sciences at the top. The right hemisphere has a low status area, with Service Provision as the lowest ground.

Though this model is excellent in the point of more accurately describing the relation between various occupations, it makes the occupation interest structure more complicated, and there is a weak point that it is difficult to be adapted to the data except for the U.S.<ref name=":0" />

List of typesEdit

Template:Quote box

R: Realistic (Doers)Edit

Holland defines the "Realistic Type" as a person who has “a preference for activities that entail the explicit, ordered, or systematic manipulation of objects, tools, machines, and animals…these behavioral tendencies lead in turn to the acquisition of manual, mechanical, agricultural, electrical, and technical competencies.”<ref name=hollandR>Template:Cite book</ref> Sample majors and careers include:

  • Agriculture<ref name=del>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • Architect (with Artistic and Enterprising)<ref name=del/>
  • Athletics<ref name="Georgetown" />
  • Carpenter (with Conventional and Investigative)<ref name=del/>
  • Culinary arts/Chef (with Artistic and Enterprising)<ref name = awc/>
  • Chemistry/Chemist (with Investigative and Conventional)<ref name=del/>
  • Computer engineering/Computer science/Information technology/Computer programmer (with Investigative and Conventional)<ref name=del/><ref name="Georgetown">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • Dentist (with Investigative and Social)<ref name=del/>
  • Engineer (with Investigative and Conventional)<ref name=del/><ref name="Georgetown" />
  • Fashion design (with Artistic and Enterprising)<ref name=del/>
  • Firefighter (with Social and Enterprising)<ref name=del/>
  • Graphic designer (with Artistic and Enterprising)<ref name=del/>
  • Model (people) (with Artistic and Enterprising)<ref name=del/>
  • Musician (with Artistic and Enterprising)<ref name=del/>
  • Nurse (with Social, Conventional, and Investigative)<ref name=del/><ref name="Georgetown" />
  • Outdoor recreation<ref name="Georgetown" />
  • Park Naturalist (with Social and Artistic)<ref name=del/>
  • Personal trainer (with Enterprising and Social)<ref name=del/>
  • Photographer (with Artistic and Enterprising)<ref name=del/>
  • Physical therapy (with Social and Investigative)<ref name=del/>
  • Driver<ref name=del/>
  • Sports medicine/Wilderness medicine (with Social and Investigative)<ref name=sm>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

I: Investigative (Thinkers)Edit

Holland defines the "Investigative Type" as a person who has "a preference for activities that entail the observational, symbolic, systematic and creative investigation of physical, biological, and cultural phenomena (in order to understand and control such phenomena)... these behavioral tendencies lead in turn to an acquisition of scientific and mathematical competencies."<ref name=hollandI>Template:Cite book</ref> Sample majors and careers include:

  • Actuary (with Conventional and Enterprising)<ref name=del/><ref name="Georgetown"/>
  • Archivist/Librarian (with Social and Conventional)<ref name=del/>
  • Biostatistics/Masters in Public Health (with Conventional)<ref name=biostat>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • Lawyer (with Enterprising and Social)<ref name=del/>
  • Nurse (with Realistic, Conventional, and Social)<ref name=del/><ref name="Georgetown" />
  • Paralegal (with Conventional and Enterprising)<ref name=del/>
  • Pharmacist (with Social and Conventional),<ref name=del/>
  • Physical therapy (with Social and Realistic)<ref name=del/>
  • Physics<ref name=Georgetown/>
  • Poets, Lyricists and Creative Writers (with Artistic)<ref name=onewrit/>
  • Professor/Research – PhD<ref name="Georgetown"/>
  • Psychology/Psychologist (with Social and Artistic); Art therapist/Dance therapy/Drama therapy/Music therapy/Narrative therapy/Culinary therapy<ref name = from>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name = well>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=del/><ref name="Georgetown" />

|CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=onetproof>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • Tutor (with Social)<ref name=onettut>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

A: Artistic (Creators)Edit

Holland defines the "Artistic Type" as a person who has "a preference for ambiguous, free, unsystematized activities that entail the manipulation of physical, verbal, or human materials to create art forms or products...these behavioral tendencies lead in turn to the acquisition of artistic competencies."<ref name=hollandA>Template:Cite book</ref> Sample majors and careers include:

  • Architect (with Realistic and Enterprising)<ref name=del/>
  • Broadcast journalism (with Enterprising)<ref name=del/>
  • Culinary arts (with Realistic and Enterprising)<ref name = awc>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • Entrepreneur (with Social and Enterprising)<ref name=del/>
  • Fashion design (with Realistic and Enterprising)<ref name=del/>
  • Graphic designer (with Enterprising and Realistic)<ref name=del/>
  • Model (people) (with Realistic and Enterprising)<ref name=del/>
  • Musician (with Enterprising and Realistic)<ref name=del/>
  • Park Naturalist (with Social and Realistic)<ref name=del/>
  • Poets, Lyricists and Creative Writers (with Investigative)<ref name=onewrit>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

S: Social (Helpers)Edit

Holland defines the "Social Type" as a person who has "a preference for activities that entail the manipulation of others to inform, train, develop, cure, or enlighten...these behavioral tendencies lead in turn to an acquisition of human relations competencies."<ref name=hollandS>Template:Cite book</ref> Sample majors and careers include:

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

E: Enterprising (Persuaders)Edit

Holland defines the "Enterprising Type" as a person who has "a preference for actives that entail the manipulation of others to attain organization goals or economic gain...these behavioral tendencies lead in turn to an acquisition of leadership, interpersonal, and persuasive competences."<ref name=hollandE>Template:Cite book</ref> Sample majors and careers include:

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • Public relations/Publicity/Advertising/Marketing (with Artistic)<ref name=del/>
  • Sales (with Conventional and Social)<ref name=del/>

C: Conventional (Organizers)Edit

Holland defines the "Conventional Type" as a person who has "a preference for actives that entail the explicit, ordered, systematic manipulation of data (keeping records, filing materials, reproducing materials, organizing business machines and data processing equipment to attain organizational or economic goals)...these behavioral tendencies lead in turn to an acquisition of clerical, computational, and business system competencies."<ref name=hollandC>Template:Cite book</ref> Sample majors and careers include:

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

NotesEdit

Template:Reflist

Further readingEdit

External linksEdit

Free testsEdit

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