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List of quasars

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Template:Short description Template:Use dmy dates This article contains lists of quasars. More than a million quasars have been observed,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> so any list on Wikipedia is necessarily a selection of them.

Proper naming of quasars is by Catalogue Entry, Qxxxx±yy using B1950 coordinates, or QSO Jxxxx±yyyy using J2000 coordinates. They may also use the prefix QSR. There are currently no quasars that are visible to the naked eye.

List of quasarsEdit

This is a list of exceptional quasars for characteristics otherwise not separately listed

Quasar Notes
Twin Quasar Associated with a possible planet microlensing event in the gravitational lens galaxy that is doubling the Twin Quasar's image.
QSR J1819+3845 Proved interstellar scintillation due to the interstellar medium.
CTA-102 In 1965, Soviet astronomer Nikolai S. Kardashev declared that this quasar was sending coded messages from an alien civilization.<ref name="Toward the Edge of the Universe">Template:Cite magazine</ref>
CID-42 Its supermassive black hole is being ejected and will one day become a displaced quasar.
TON 618 TON 618 is a very distant and extremely luminous quasar—technically, a hyperluminous, broad-absorption line, radio-loud quasar—located near the North Galactic Pole in the constellation Canes Venatici.

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List of named quasarsEdit

This is a list of quasars, with a common name, instead of a designation from a survey, catalogue or list.

Quasar Origin of name Notes
Twin Quasar From the fact that two images of the same quasar are produced by gravitational lensing.
Einstein Cross From the fact that gravitational lensing of the quasar forms a near perfect Einstein cross, a concept in gravitational lensing.
Template:Nsl From the fact that there are three bright images of the same gravitationally lensed quasar. There are actually four images; the fourth is faint.
Cloverleaf From its appearance having similarity to the leaf of a clover. It has been gravitationally lensed into four images, of roughly similar appearance.
Teacup Galaxy The name comes from the shape of the extended emission, which is shaped like the handle of a teacup. The handle is a bubble shaped by quasar winds or small-scale radio jets. Low redshift, highly obscured type 2 quasar.

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List of multiply imaged quasarsEdit

This is a list of quasars that as a result of gravitational lensing appear as multiple images on Earth.

Quasar Images Lens Notes
Twin Quasar 2 YGKOW G1 First gravitationally lensed object discovered
Triple Quasar (PG 1115+080) 4 Originally discovered as 3 lensed images, the fourth image is faint. It was the second gravitationally lensed quasar discovered.
Einstein Cross 4 Huchra's Lens First Einstein Cross discovered
RX J1131-1231's quasar 4 RX J1131-1231's elliptical galaxy RX J1131-1231 is the name of the complex, quasar, host galaxy and lensing galaxy, together. The quasar's host galaxy is also lensed into a Chwolson ring about the lensing galaxy. The four images of the quasar are embedded in the ring image.
Cloverleaf 4<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Brightest known high-redshift source of CO emission<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
QSO B1359+154 6 CLASS B1359+154 and three more galaxies First sextuply-imaged galaxy
SDSS J1004+4112 5 Galaxy cluster at z = 0.68 First quasar discovered to be multiply image-lensed by a galaxy cluster and currently the third largest quasar lens with the separation between images of 15Template:Pprime<ref name=Inada03>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name=Oguri04>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name=Inada05>Template:Cite journal</ref>
SDSS J1029+2623 3 Galaxy cluster at z = 0.6 The current largest-separation quasar lens with 22.6Template:Pprime separation between furthest images<ref name=Inada06>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name=Oguri08>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name=Kratzer11>Template:Cite journal</ref>
SDSS J2222+2745 6<ref name=ScienceDaily-2013-08-07/> Galaxy cluster at z = 0.49<ref name=2013ApJ...773..146D/> First sextuply-lensed galaxy<ref name=ScienceDaily-2013-08-07>ScienceDaily, "Quasar Observed in Six Separate Light Reflections", 7 August 2013</ref> Third quasar discovered to be lensed by a galaxy cluster.<ref name=2013ApJ...773..146D/> Quasar located at z = 2.82<ref name=2013ApJ...773..146D>Template:Cite journal</ref>

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List of visual quasar associationsEdit

This is a list of double quasars, triple quasars, and the like, where quasars are close together in line-of-sight, but not physically related.

Quasars Count Notes
QSO 1548+115
4C 11.50 (z = 0.436)
QSO B1548+115B (z = 1.901)
 2 <ref>SIMBAD, Object query : QSO 1548+115</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
QSO 1146+111 8 <ref>SIMBAD, Object query : QSO 1146+111</ref>
z represents redshift, a measure of recessional velocity and inferred distance due to cosmological expansion

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List of physical quasar groupsEdit

This is a list of binary quasars, trinary quasars, and the like, where quasars are physically close to each other.

Quasars Count Notes
quasars of SDSS J0841+3921 protocluster 4 First quasar quartet discovered.<ref>Space Daily, "Astronomers Baffled by Discovery of Rare Quasar Quartet", 18 May 2015</ref><ref name=2015arXiv150503786H>Template:Cite journal</ref>
LBQS 1429-008 (QQQ 1432-0106) 3 First quasar triplet discovered.
It was first discovered as a binary quasar, before the third quasar was found.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref>
QQ2345+007 (Q2345+007)
Q2345+007A
Q2345+007B
 2 Originally thought to be a doubly imaged quasar, but actually a quasar couplet.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref>
QQQ J1519+0627 3 <ref name=SpaceDaily-2013-03-14>SpaceDaily, "Extremely rare triple quasar found", 14 March 2013 (accessed 14 March 2013)</ref>

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Large Quasar GroupsEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Large quasar groups (LQGs) are bound to a filament of mass, and not directly bound to each other.

LQG Count Notes
Webster LQG
(LQG 1) 		5 First LQG discovered. At the time of its discovery, it was the largest structure known.<ref name=Webster1982>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="2001ASPC..232..108C">Template:Cite book</ref>
Huge-LQG
(U1.27) 		73 The largest structure known in the observable universe, as of 2013.<ref name="10.1093/mnras/sts497"> Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name=ScienceDaily-2013-01-13>ScienceDaily, "Biggest Structure in Universe: Large Quasar Group Is 4 Billion Light Years Across", Royal Astronomical Society, 11 January 2013 (accessed 13 January 2013)</ref>

List of quasars with apparent superluminal jet motionEdit

This is a list of quasars with jets that appear to be superluminal due to relativistic effects and line-of-sight orientation. Such quasars are sometimes referred to as superluminal quasars.

Quasar Superluminality Notes
3C 279 4c First quasar discovered with superluminal jets<ref name=xcrs /><ref name=startVLBI100m /><ref name=AIP /><ref>New Scientist, Quasar jets and cosmic engines: Some galaxies spew out vast amounts of material into space at velocities close to that of light. Astronomers still don't know why, 16 March 1991</ref><ref>The superluminal radio source in the gamma-ray blazar 3C 279</ref>
3C 179 7.6c Fifth discovered, first with double lobes<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
3C 273 This is also the first quasar ever identified<ref name=29-05-81>Daily Intelligencer, The May 29, 1981;</ref>
3C 216
3C 345 <ref name=29-05-81 /><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
3C 380
4C 69.21
(Q1642+690, QSO B1642+690)
4C 39.25 <ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
8C 1928+738
(Q1928+738, QSO J1927+73, Quasar J192748.6+735802)
PKS 0637-752

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Quasars that have a recessional velocity greater than the speed of light (c) are very common. Any quasar with z > 1 is receding faster than c, while z exactly equal to 1 indicates recession at the speed of light.<ref name=UoM23 /> Early attempts to explain superluminal quasars resulted in convoluted explanations with a limit of z = 2.326, or in the extreme z < 2.4.<ref name=QSRPSR8 /> The majority of quasars lie between z = 2 and z = 5.

FirstsEdit

Title Quasar Year Data Notes
First quasar discovered 3C 48 1960 First radio source for which optical identification was found, that was a star-like looking object
First "star" discovered later found to be a quasar
First radio source discovered later found to be a quasar
First quasar identified 3C 273 1962 First radio-"star" found to be at a high redshift with a non-stellar spectrum.
First radio-quiet quasar QSO B1246+377 (BSO 1) 1965 The first radio-quiet quasi-stellar objects (QSO) were called Blue Stellar Objects or BSO, because they appeared like stars and were blue in color. They also had spectra and redshifts like radio-loud quasi-stellar radio-sources (QSR), so became quasars.<ref name=AIP>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name=Quasi-Quasars>Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref>SIMBAD, Object query : BSO 1, QSO B1246+377 -- Quasar</ref>
First host galaxy of a quasar discovered 3C 48 1982
First quasar found to seemingly not have a host galaxy HE0450-2958 (Naked Quasar) 2005 Some disputed observations suggest a host galaxy, others do not.
First multi-core quasar PG 1302-102 2014 Binary supermassive black holes within the quasar <ref name=Ars-2015-01-08>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="10.1038/nature14143" > Template:Cite journal</ref>
First quasar containing a recoiling supermassive black hole SDSS J0927+2943 2008 Two optical emission line systems separated by 2650 km/s
First gravitationally lensed quasar identified Twin Quasar 1979 Lensed into 2 images The lens is a galaxy known as YGKOW G1
First quasar found with a jet with apparent superluminal motion 3C 279 1971 <ref name=xcrs>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name=startVLBI100m>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name=AIP />
First quasar found with the classic double radio-lobe structure 3C 47 1964
First quasar found to be an X-ray source 3C 273 1967 <ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref>
First "dustless" quasar found QSO J0303-0019 and QSO J0005-0006 2010 <ref>Discovery News, "Primordial 'Dust Free' Monsters Lurk at the Edge of the Universe", Ian O'Neill, 18 March 2010 (accessed 6 April 2010)</ref><ref>DNA India, "Astronomers discover most primitive supermassive black holes known", ANI, 19 March 2010 (accessed 6 April 2010)</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Scientific Computing, "Fast-growing Primitive Black Holes found in Distant Quasars " Template:Webarchive (accessed 4 April 2010)</ref><ref>SIMBAD, "QSO J0303-0019" (accessed 4 April 2010)</ref><ref>SIMBAD, "QSO J0005-0006" (accessed 4 April 2010)</ref>
First Large Quasar Group discovered Webster LQG
(LQG 1) 		1982 <ref name=Webster1982/><ref name="2001ASPC..232..108C"/>

ExtremesEdit

Title Quasar Data Notes
Brightest 3C 273 Apparent magnitude of ~12.9 Absolute magnitude: −26.7
Seemingly optically brightest APM 08279+5255 Seeming absolute magnitude of −32.2 This quasar is gravitationally lensed; its actual absolute magnitude is estimated to be −30.5
Most luminous SMSS J215728.21-360215.1 Absolute magnitude of −32.36 Highest absolute magnitude discovered thus far.
Most powerful quasar radio source 3C 273 Also the most powerful radio source in the sky
Most powerful SMSS J215728.21-360215.1
Most variable quasar radio source QSO J1819+3845 (Q1817+387) Also the most variable extrasolar radio source
Least variable quasar radio source
Most variable quasar optical source
Least variable quasar optical source
Most distant UHZ1 z = 10.1 Most distant quasar known as of 2023<ref name=APOD-20231110/>
Most distant radio-quiet quasar
Most distant radio-loud quasar QSO J1427+3312 z = 6.12 Found June 2008<ref name=bbqsr>Radio astronomers detect 'baby quasar' near the edge of the visible Universe, 13:50 EST, 6 June 2008</ref><ref>SIMBAD, Object query : QSO J1427+3312, QSO J1427+3312 -- Quasar</ref>
Most distant blazar quasar PSO J0309+27 z > 6
Least distant Markarian 231 600 Mly citation CitationClass=web

}}</ref> inactive: IC 2497

Largest Large Quasar Group Huge-LQG (U1.27) 73 quasars <ref name="10.1093/mnras/sts497"/><ref name=ScienceDaily-2013-01-13/>
Fastest Growing Quasar SMSS J052915.80–435152.0
(QSO J0529-4351) 		~ 413 solar masses per year (using standard radiative efficiency);
~ 370 solar masses per year (using best-fit slim disc model) 		citation CitationClass=web

}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

CitationClass=web

}}</ref>

First quasars foundEdit

First 10 Quasars Identified
Rank Quasar Date of discovery Notes
1 3C 273 1963 <ref name=Maaarten />
2 3C 48 1963 <ref name=Maaarten />
3 3C 47 1964 <ref name=Maaarten />
3 3C 147 1964 <ref name=Maaarten />
5 CTA 102 1965 <ref name=Shields1999>Template:Cite journal; {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation CitationClass=web

}}</ref>

5 3C 287 1965 <ref name=Shields1999 />
5 3C 254 1965 <ref name=Shields1999 />
5 3C 245 1965 <ref name=Shields1999 />
5 3C 9 1965 <ref name=Shields1999 />

These are the first quasars which were found and had their redshifts determined.

Most distant quasarsEdit

File:Artist's conception of the quasar J0313–1806, seen as it was only 670 million years after the Big Bang. (Version with labels.).jpg
Artist's conception of the oldest known quasar as of 2021, QSO J0313–1806 existing only ~670 million years after the Big Bang despite its large size.

In 1964 a quasar became the most distant object in the universe for the first time. Quasars would remain the most distant objects in the universe until 1997, when a pair of non-quasar galaxies would take the title (galaxies CL 1358+62 G1 & CL 1358+62 G2 lensed by galaxy cluster CL 1358+62).<ref name=Illingworth>Template:Cite journal; {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In cosmic scales distance is usually indicated by redshift (denoted by z) which is a measure of recessional velocity and inferred distance due to cosmological expansion.

Quasars with z > 6<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Quasar Distance Notes
UHZ1 z = 10.1 Most distant quasar known Template:As of<ref name=APOD-20231110/><ref name="2023arXiv231213837I"/>
QSO J0313–1806 z = 7.64 Former most distant quasar.<ref name=Temming2021>Template:Citation</ref><ref name="2023arXiv231213837I"/>
ULAS J1342+0928 z = 7.54 Former most distant quasar. <ref name="2019ApJ...881L..23B"> Template:Cite journal </ref><ref name="2023arXiv231213837I"/>
Pōniuāʻena (Q J1007+2115) z = 7.52 <ref name="2020ApJ...897L..14Y"> Template:Cite journal </ref><ref name="2023arXiv231213837I"> Template:Citation </ref>
ULAS J1120+0641
(ULAS J112001.48+064124.3) 		z = 7.085 Former most distant quasar. First quasar with z > 7.<ref name=SciAm-2011-06-29/>
CHFQS J2348-3054
(CHFQS J234833.34-305410.0) 		z = 6.90
PSO J172.3556+18.7734 z = 6.82 Currently the most distant radio-loud known quasar
CFHQS J2329-0301
(CFHQS J232908-030158) 		z = 6.43 Former most distant quasar.<ref name=7-6-7 /><ref name=CFHQS4z6 /><ref name=mid2008 /><ref name=Q2007 />
SDSS J114816.64+525150.3
(SDSS J1148+5251) 		z = 6.419 Former most distant quasar.<ref name="z = 6.42">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name=350u /><ref name=OoSmBH>Template:Cite arXiv</ref><ref name=Q2007 /><ref name="REIONz.gt.6">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name=z~6 />
SDSS J1030+0524
(SDSSp J103027.10+052455.0) 		z = 6.28 Former most distant quasar. First quasar with z > 6.<ref name="VLT z = 6.28" /><ref name="REIONz.gt.6" /><ref name="SDSS1030+0524" /><ref name="Xray z = 6.30" /><ref name="z.gt.5.8" /><ref name=PSU2001 /><ref name=SDSS2001 />
SDSS J104845.05+463718.3
(QSO J1048+4637) 		z = 6.23 <ref name=z~6 />
SDSS J162331.81+311200.5
(QSO J1623+3112) 		z = 6.22 <ref name=z~6>Template:Cite journal</ref>
CFHQS J0033-0125
(CFHQS J003311-012524) 		z = 6.13 <ref name=CFHQS4z6 />
SDSS J125051.93+313021.9
(QSO J1250+3130) 		z = 6.13 <ref name=z~6 />
CFHQS J1509-1749
(CFHQS J150941-174926) 		z = 6.12 <ref name=CFHQS4z6 />
QSO B1425+3326 / QSO J1427+3312 z = 6.12 Most distant radio-quasar.<ref name=bbqsr /><ref>SIMBAD, Object query : QSO B1425+3326 Template:Webarchive, QSO J1427+3312 -- Quasar</ref>
SDSS J160253.98+422824.9
(QSO J1602+4228) 		z = 6.07 <ref name=z~6 />
SDSS J163033.90+401209.6
(QSO J1630+4012) 		z = 6.05 <ref name=z~6 />
CFHQS J1641+3755
(CFHQS J164121+375520) 		z = 6.04 <ref name=CFHQS4z6 />
SDSS J113717.73+354956.9
(QSO J1137+3549) 		z = 6.01 <ref name=z~6 />
SDSS J081827.40+172251.8
(QSO J0818+1722) 		z = 6.00 <ref name=z~6 />
SDSSp J130608.26+035626.3
(QSO J1306+0356) 		z = 5.99 <ref name="z.gt.5.8">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name=PSU2001 /><ref name=SDSS2001 />
Most Distant Quasar by Type
Type Quasar Date Distance Notes
Most distant UHZ1 2023 z = 10.2 <ref name="2312.13837"/>
Most distant radio loud quasar QSO B1425+3326 / QSO J1427+3312 2008 z = 6.12
Most distant radio quiet quasar
Most distant OVV quasar
Most Distant Quasar Titleholders
Quasar Date Distance Notes
UHZ1 2023– z = 10.2 Current distance record holder <ref name="2312.13837"> Template:Citation </ref><ref name=APOD-20231110> {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation CitationClass=web

}} </ref>

QSO J0313−1806 2021–2023 z = 7.64 <ref name=Temming2021/><ref name="2312.13837"/>
ULAS J1342+0928 2017–2021 z = 7.54 <ref name="NAT-20171206">Template:Cite journal</ref>
ULAS J1120+0641 2011–2017 z = 7.085 Not the most distant object when discovered. First quasar with z > 7.<ref name=SciAm-2011-06-29>Scientific American, "Brilliant, but Distant: Most Far-Flung Known Quasar Offers Glimpse into Early Universe", John Matson, 29 June 2011</ref>
CFHQS J2329-0301
(CFHQS J232908-030158) 		2007–2011 z = 6.43 Not the most distant object when discovered. It did not exceed IOK-1 (z = 6.96), which was discovered in 2006.<ref name=7-6-7>Discovery.com Black Hole Is Most Distant Ever Found Template:Webarchive 7 June 2007</ref><ref name=CFHQS4z6>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name=mid2008>CFHQS UOttawa, Canada-France High-z Quasar Survey Template:Webarchive</ref><ref name=Q2007>CFH UHawaii, Astronomers find most distant black hole</ref><ref name=10Feb2005/><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>BBC News, Astronomers claim galaxy record, 11 July 2007, 17:10 GMT 18:10 UK</ref>
SDSS J114816.64+525150.3
(SDSS J1148+5251) 		2003–2007 z = 6.419 Not the most distant object when discovered. It did not exceed HCM 6A galaxy lensed by Abell 370 at z = 6.56, discovered in 2002. Also discovered around the time of discovery was a new most distant galaxy, SDF J132418.3+271455 at z = 6.58.<ref name="z = 6.42" /><ref name="350u">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name=OoSmBH /><ref name=Q2007 /><ref name=10Feb2005/><ref>New Scientist, New record for Universe's most distant object, 17:19 14 March 2002</ref><ref>BBC News, Far away stars light early cosmos, 14 March 2002, 11:38 GMT</ref><ref>BBC News, Most distant galaxy detected, 25 March 2003, 14:28 GMT</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
SDSS J1030+0524
(SDSSp J103027.10+052455.0) 		2001–2003 z = 6.28 Most distant object when discovered. First object with z > 6.<ref name="VLT z = 6.28">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="REIONz.gt.6" /><ref name="SDSS1030+0524">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="Xray z = 6.30">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name=PSU2001 /><ref name=SDSS2001 />
SDSS 1044-0125
(SDSSp J104433.04-012502.2) 		2000–2001 z = 5.82 Most distant object when discovered. It exceeded galaxy SSA22-HCM1 (z = 5.74; discovered in 1999) as the most distant object.<ref name=Summer2000>Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref name="z = 5.74">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name=PSU2001>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=SDSS2001>SDSS, Early results from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey: From under our nose to the edge of the universe, June 2001</ref><ref name=10Feb2005 /><ref>PennState Eberly College of Science, X-rays from the Most Distant Quasar Captured with the XMM-Newton Satellite Template:Webarchive, Dec 2000</ref><ref>SPACE.com, Most Distant Object in Universe Comes Closer, 1 December 2000</ref>
RD300
(RD J030117+002025) 		2000 z = 5.50 Not the most distant object when discovered. It did not surpass galaxy SSA22-HCM1 (z = 5.74; discovered in 1999).<ref>NOAO Newsletter - NOAO Highlights - March 2000 - Number 61, The Most Distant Quasar Known</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="z = 5.74" /><ref name="x=5.501">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name=10Feb2005 />
SDSSp J120441.73−002149.6
(SDSS J1204-0021) 		2000 z = 5.03 Not the most distant object when discovered. It did not surpass galaxy SSA22-HCM1 (z = 5.74; discovered in 1999).<ref name="x=5.501" /><ref name=10Feb2005>UW-Madison Astronomy, Confirmed High Redshift (z > 5.5) Galaxies - (Last Updated 10 February 2005) Template:Webarchive</ref>
SDSSp J033829.31+002156.3
(QSO J0338+0021) 		1998–2000 z = 5.00 First quasar discovered with z > 5. Not the most distant object when discovered. It did not surpass galaxy BR1202-0725 LAE (z = 5.64; discovered earlier in 1998).<ref name=10Feb2005 /><ref name=Summer2000 /><ref>SDSS 98-3 Scientists of Sloan Digital Sky Survey Discover Most Distant Quasar Dec 1998</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>SIMBAD, Object query : SDSSp J033829.31+002156.3, QSO J0338+0021 -- Quasar</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
PC 1247+3406 1991–1998 z = 4.897 Most distant object when discovered.<ref name=Summer2000 /><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>New Scientist, issue 1842, 10 October 1992, page 17, Science: Infant galaxy's light show</ref><ref>FermiLab Scientists of Sloan Digital Sky Survey Discover Most Distant Quasar Template:Webarchive 8 December 1998</ref><ref name=472QSR401>Template:Cite journal</ref>
PC 1158+4635 1989–1991 z = 4.73 Most distant object when discovered.<ref name=Summer2000 /><ref name=472QSR401 /><ref name="z.gt.4">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>SIMBAD, Object query : PC 1158+4635, QSO B1158+4635 -- Quasar</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name=20NOV1989>The New York Times, Peering to Edge of Time, Scientists Are Astonished, 20 November 1989</ref>
Q0051-279 1987–1989 z = 4.43 Most distant object when discovered.<ref name="z = 4.43">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="z.gt.4" /><ref name=20NOV1989 /><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>The New York Times, Objects Detected in Universe May Be the Most Distant Ever Sighted, 14 January 1988</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Q0000-26
(QSO B0000-26) 		1987 z = 4.11 Most distant object when discovered.<ref name="z = 4.43" /><ref name="z.gt.4" /><ref>SIMBAD, Object query : Q0000-26, QSO B0000-26 -- Quasar</ref>
PC 0910+5625
(QSO B0910+5625) 		1987 z = 4.04 Most distant object when discovered; second quasar with z > 4.<ref name=Summer2000 /><ref name="z.gt.4" /><ref name="PC0910+5625">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>SIMBAD, Object query : PC 0910+5625, QSO B0910+5625 -- Quasar</ref>
Q0046–293
(QSO J0048-2903) 		1987 z = 4.01 Most distant object when discovered; first quasar with z > 4.<ref name="z = 4.43" /><ref name="z.gt.4" /><ref name="PC0910+5625" /><ref>Template:Cite journal; First observation of a quasar with a redshift of 4</ref><ref>SIMBAD, Object query : Q0046-293, QSO J0048-2903 -- Quasar</ref>
Q1208+1011
(QSO B1208+1011) 		1986–1987 z = 3.80 Most distant object when discovered and a gravitationally-lensed double-image quasar. From the time of discovery to 1991, had the least angular separation between images, 0.45Template:Pprime.<ref name="PC0910+5625" /><ref>SIMBAD, Object query : Q1208+1011, QSO B1208+1011 -- Quasar</ref><ref>NewScientist, Quasar doubles help to fix the Hubble constant, 16 November 1991</ref>
PKS 2000-330
(QSO J2003-3251, Q2000-330) 		1982–1986 z = 3.78 Most distant object when discovered.<ref name=UoM23 /><ref name="PC0910+5625" /><ref>Orwell Astronomical Society (Ipswich) - OASI; Archived Astronomy News Items, 1972 - 1997 Template:Webarchive</ref><ref>SIMBAD, Object query : PKS 2000-330, QSO J2003-3251 -- Quasar</ref>
OQ172
(QSO B1442+101) 		1974–1982 z = 3.53 Most distant object when discovered.<ref name=BigEarHist /><ref>SIMBAD, Object query : OQ172, QSO B1442+101 -- Quasar</ref><ref name=Q3Y />
OH471
(QSO B0642+449) 		1973–1974 z = 3.408 Most distant object when discovered; first quasar with z > 3. Nicknamed "the blaze marking the edge of the universe".<ref name=BigEarHist>OSU Big Ear, History of the OSU Radio Observatory</ref><ref name=Q3Y /><ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref>SIMBAD, Object query : OH471, QSO B0642+449 -- Quasar</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
4C 05.34 1970–1973 z = 2.877 Most distant object when discovered. The redshift was so much greater than the previous record that it was believed to be erroneous, or spurious.<ref name=UoM23 /><ref name=QSRPSR8>Quasars and Pulsars, Dewey Bernard Larson, (c) 1971; CHAPTER VIII - Quasars: The General Picture Template:Webarchive; LOC 75-158894</ref><ref name=Q3Y>QUASARS - THREE YEARS LATER, 1974 Template:Webarchive</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name=4C05.34/>
5C 02.56
(7C 105517.75+495540.95) 		1968–1970 z = 2.399 Most distant object when discovered.<ref name=4C05.34>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>SIMBAD, Object query : 5C 02.56, 7C 105517.75+495540.95 -- Quasar</ref><ref name=Illingworth />
4C 25.05
(4C 25.5) 		1968 z = 2.358 Most distant object when discovered.<ref name=4C05.34 /><ref name=Illingworth /><ref name=zQSOg>Template:Cite journal</ref>
PKS 0237-23
(QSO B0237-2321) 		1967–1968 z = 2.225 Most distant object when discovered.<ref name=UoM23 /><ref name=zQSOg /><ref>Time Magazine, A Farther-Out Quasar, 7 April 1967</ref><ref>SIMBAD, Object query : QSO B0237-2321, QSO B0237-2321 -- Quasar</ref><ref name=lambdaQSO>Template:Cite journal</ref>
4C 12.39
(Q1116+12, PKS 1116+12) 		1966–1967 z = 2.1291 Most distant object when discovered.<ref name=Illingworth /><ref name=lambdaQSO /><ref name=ManOnMnt /><ref>SIMBAD, Object query : Q1116+12, 4C 12.39 -- Quasar</ref>
4C 01.02
(Q0106+01, PKS 0106+1) 		1965–1966 z = 2.0990 Most distant object when discovered.<ref name=Illingworth /><ref name=lambdaQSO /><ref name=ManOnMnt>Time Magazine, The Man on the Mountain, Friday, Mar. 11, 1966</ref><ref>SIMBAD, Object query : Q0106+01, 4C 01.02 -- Quasar</ref>
3C 9 1965 z = 2.018 Most distant object when discovered; first quasar with z > 2.<ref name="Toward the Edge of the Universe"/><ref name=Quasi-Quasars /><ref name=lambdaQSO /><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
3C 147 1964–1965 z = 0.545 First quasar to become the most distant object in the universe, beating radio galaxy 3C 295.<ref name=3C47>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
3C 48 1963–1964 z = 0.367 Second quasar redshift measured. Redshift was discovered after publication of 3C273's results prompted researchers to re-examine spectroscopic data. Not the most distant object when discovered. The radio galaxy 3C 295 was found in 1960 with z = 0.461.<ref name=AIP /><ref name=UoM23>The Structure of the Physical Universe, Volume III - The Universe of Motion, CHAPTER 23 - Quasar Redshifts Template:Webarchive, by Dewey Bernard Larson, Library of Congress Catalog Card No. 79-88078, Template:ISBN, Copyright 1959, 1971, 1984</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name=1961May12 /><ref name=z3C295 /><ref name=Maaarten>Interview; {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation CitationClass=web

}} Template:Small; 11 April and 2 & 15 May 1996</ref><ref name=3C47 />

3C 273 1963 z = 0.158 First quasar redshift measured. Not the most distant object when discovered. The radio galaxy 3C 295 was found in 1960 with z = 0.461.<ref name=AIP /><ref name=Maaarten /><ref name=1961May12>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name=z3C295>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>The Origin of Matter Part 4</ref>

Most powerful quasarsEdit

10 most luminous quasarsTemplate:Fix
Rank Quasar Data Refs.
1 SMSS J215728.21-360215.1 Intrinsic bolometric luminosity of ~ 6.9 × 1014 Suns or ~ 2.6 × 1041 watts <ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
2 HS 1946+7658 Intrinsic bolometric luminosity in excess of 1014 Suns or 1041 watts <ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
3 SDSS J155152.46+191104.0 Luminosity of over 1041 watts <ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
4 HS 1700+6416 Luminosity of over 1041 watts <ref name="arXiv.org">Template:Cite journal</ref>
5 SDSS J010013.02+280225.8 Luminosity of around 1.62 × 1041 watts <ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
6 SBS 1425+606 Luminosity of over 1041 watts – optically brightest for z>3 <ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
J1144-4308 Luminosity of 4.7 × 1040 watts or M_i(z=2) = −29.74 mag, optically brightest in last 9 Gyr <ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
SDSS J074521.78+473436.2 <ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
S5 0014+813 <ref name="arXiv.org"/><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
SDSS J160455.39+381201.6 z = 2.51, M(i) = 15.84
SDSS J085543.40-001517.7 <ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

See alsoEdit

ReferencesEdit

Template:Reflist

External linksEdit

Template:Galaxy Template:Black holes Template:Portal bar

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