Abu Shusha

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Abu Shusha (Template:Langx) was a Palestinian Arab village in the Ramle Subdistrict of Mandatory Palestine, located 8 km southeast of Ramle. It was ethnically cleansed in May 1948.

Abu Shusha was located on the slope of Tell Jezer/Tell el-Jazari, which is commonly identified with the ancient city of Gezer. In April–May 1948, during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, Abu Shusha was attacked several times. The final assault began on May 13, one day prior to Israel's declaration of independence. Abu Shusha residents attempted to defend the village, but the village was occupied on May 14. The civilians who had not already fled or been killed were expelled by May 21.<ref>Morris, 2004, pp. 256-257</ref> With their descendants, they numbered about 6,198 in 1998.

NameEdit

Abu Shusheh is said to derive its name from a derwish who prayed for rain in a time of drought, and was told by a sand-diviner that he would perish if it came. The water came out of the earth (probably at Et Tannur) and formed a pool, into which he stepped and was drowned. The people, seeing only his topknot left, cried Ya Abu Shusheh (“Oh Father of the Topknot”).<ref name=SWPII444/>

HistoryEdit

The Crusaders called the place Mont Gisart. In 1177 the Crusaders won a battle against Saladin there. Ceramics and coins from the 13th century have been found here.<ref name=Khalidi358/>

Ottoman eraEdit

File:Tell Jezer from the 1871-77 Palestine Exploration Fund Survey of Palestine.jpg

Abu Shusha in the 1871-77 PEF Survey of Palestine

A Maqam (shrine) was built there possibly in the 16th century.<ref name=Khalidi358/> In 1838, Abu Shusheh was noted as a Muslim village in the Ibn Humar area in the District of Er-Ramleh.<ref name="Robinson120">Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 3, Appendix 2, p. 120</ref> Edward Robinson also noted the village on his travels in the region in 1852.<ref>Robinson and Smith, 1856, pp. 143, 146</ref>

In 1869 or 1872, the village lands were purchased by Melville Peter Bergheim of Jerusalem, a Protestant of German origin. Bergheim established a modern agricultural farm, using European methods and equipment. Bergheim's ownership of the land was hotly contested by the villagers, by legal and illegal means, including the murder of Bergheim's son Peter on 12 October 1885.<ref>Peter Bergheim'sche Kriminalsache: Meuchelmond, JM-ISA/RG67/1-866/575-603/581, Israel State Archives</ref> After the Bergheim company went bankrupt in 1892, Abu Shusa's lands were managed by a government receiver.<ref name="kark">Ruth Kark, Changing patterns of landownership in nineteenth-century Palestine: the European influence, Journal of Historical Geography, vol 14, no 4 (1984) 357-384.</ref>

In 1882, the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine (SWP) noted that the extent of land farmed by Mr. Bergheim at Abu Shusheh was 5,000 acres. The boundaries was shown on the Survey's map as a dotted line: ____ . . . . _____ . . . .<ref name=SWPII444/> SWP further described Abu Shusha as a small village built of stone and adobe and surrounded by cactus hedges, populated by about 100 families.<ref>Conder and Kitchener, 1882, SWP II, p. 407 Quoted in Khalidi, 1992, p. 358</ref>

Elihu Grant, who visited the village, described it as "tiny" in 1907.<ref>Grant, 1907, p. 17, quoted in Khalidi, 1992, p. 358</ref> In 1910s, part of the land was sold by the government receiver to the villagers and the rest to the Jewish Colonization Association, which gave the villagers one third of their purchase in order to settle the dispute. After World War I, the land in Jewish hands was sold to the Maccabean Land Company, and later transferred to the Jewish National Fund.<ref name="kark"/>

In November, 1917, the British 6th Mounted Brigade charged a Turkish detachment defending the heights above Abu Shusheh. The Turks suffered 'heavy casualties'.<ref>Bruce, 2002, p. 152</ref>

British Mandate eraEdit

In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Abu Shusheh had a population of 603 residents; all Muslims,<ref name="Census1922">Barron, 1923, Table VII, Sub-district of Ramleh, p. 21</ref> increasing in the 1931 census to 627, still all Muslims, in a total of 145 houses.<ref name="Census1931">Mills, 1932, p. 18</ref>

The village had a mosque and a number of shops. A village school was founded in 1947, with an initial enrollment of 33 students.<ref name=Khalidi358/>

In the 1945 statistics the population of Abu Shusha was 870, all Muslims,<ref name=DoS1945/> with a total land area of 9,425 dunams.<ref name=Hadawi66/> 2,475 dunums of village land were allotted to cereals, 54 dunums were irrigated or used for orchards,<ref>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 114</ref> while 24 dunams were built-up (urban) areas.<ref>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 164</ref>

Salbit 1942.jpg

Abu Shusha 1942 1:20,000
Kharruba 1942.jpg

Abu Shusha 1945 Scale 1:250,000
גזר - גזר העתיקה - מקום מושבו של ברנהיים-JNF040447.jpeg

Abu Shusha 1945
Lydda and Ramla area - 9 July 1948.PNG

Depopulated villages in the Ramle Subdistrict 9 July 1948

1948 massacre and aftermathEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} The village was attacked by the Givati Brigade on May 13–14, 1948 during Operation Barak. A few inhabitants fled but most remained. The Givati troops were immediately replaced by militia men from kibbutz Gezer, who were later replaced by troops from Kiryati Brigade.<ref>Morris, 2004, p. 205</ref> On May 19, Arab Legion sources claimed that villagers were being killed. On May 21, Arab authorities appealed to the Red Cross to stop "barbaric acts" they said were being committed in Abu Shusha.<ref name="Morris, 2004, p. 257">Morris, 2004, p. 257</ref> A Haganah soldier was reported to have twice attempted to rape a 20-year-old woman prisoner.<ref>"Doron" (Maoz) to HIS-AD, "The Interrogation of Women Prisoners in the village of Abu Shusha", 24 Jun. 1948, HA 105\92 aleph. Quoted in Morris, 2004, p. 257</ref> The residents that had remained in the village were expelled, apparently on 21 May.<ref name="Morris, 2004, p. 257"/>

More recent research, including that conducted by Birzeit University, suggests that around 60 residents were massacred by the Givati Brigade during the attack.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite book Template:Dead link</ref> In 1995 a mass grave with 52 skeletons was discovered, but their cause of death is undetermined.<ref>Benvenisti, 1996, p. 248</ref>

The Israeli settlement of Ameilim was founded nearby later in 1948, while Pedaya was established in 1951; both on village land.<ref name=Khalidi358/> The remains of the village were destroyed in 1965 as part of a government operation to clear the country of abandoned villages, which were regarded by the Israel Land Administration as "a blot on the landscape".<ref>Aron Shai, The fate of abandoned Arab villages in Israel, 1965-1969, History and Memory, Vol 18 (2006) pp86-106.</ref>

In 1992 the village site was described: "The Israeli settlement of Ameilim occupies much of the site. Figs and cypress trees, cactuses and one palm tree grow on the site. The surrounding valleys are planted in apricots and figs, and various kinds of fruit trees are cultivated on the heights."<ref name=Khalidi358/>