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In Greek mythology, Meleager (Template:IPAc-en,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Template:Langx) was a hero venerated in his temenos at Calydon in Aetolia. He was already famed as the host of the Calydonian boar hunt in the epic tradition that was reworked by Homer.<ref>Homer, Iliad 9.529–99</ref> Meleager is also mentioned as one of the Argonauts.<ref>Apollodorus, 1.9.16</ref>
BiographyEdit
Meleager was a Calydonian prince as the son of Althaea and the vintner King Oeneus<ref>Apollodorus, 1.9.16; Antoninus Liberalis, 2 as cited in Nicander's Metamorphoses</ref> or according to some, of the god Ares.<ref>Apollodorus, 1.8.2; Hyginus, Fabulae 14 & 171</ref> He was the brother of Deianeira, Toxeus, Clymenus, Periphas, Agelaus (or Ageleus), Thyreus (or Phereus or Pheres), Gorge, Eurymede and Melanippe.<ref name=":0">Antoninus Liberalis, 2 as cited in Nicander's Metamorphoses</ref><ref>Hesiod, Ehoiai fr. 98 as cited in Berlin Papyri, No. 9777</ref>
Meleager was the father of Parthenopeus by Atalanta<ref>Hyginus, Fabulae 70 & 99</ref> but he married Cleopatra, daughter of Idas and Marpessa.<ref>Kerenyi 1959: Genealogical table F, p. 372.</ref> They had a daughter, Polydora, who became the bride of Protesilaus, who left her bed on their wedding-night to join the expedition to Troy.
MythologyEdit
Calydonian boar huntEdit
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When Meleager was born, the Moirai (the Fates) predicted he would only live until a piece of wood, then burning in the family hearth, was consumed by fire. Overhearing them, Althaea immediately doused and hid it.<ref>Hyginus, Fabulae 171; Apollodorus, 1.8.2</ref>
Oeneus sent Meleager to gather up heroes from all over Greece<ref>Apollodorus, 1.8.2</ref> to hunt the Calydonian boar that had been terrorizing the area and rooting up the vines, as Oeneus had omitted Artemis at a festival in which he honored the other gods. In addition to the heroes he required, he chose Atalanta, a fierce huntress, whom he loved.<ref>Euripides, Frg. 520, noted by Karl Kerenyi, The Heroes of the Greeks, 1959:119 note 673.</ref> According to one account of the hunt, when Hylaeus and Rhaecus, two centaurs, tried to rape Atalanta, Meleager killed them. Then Atalanta wounded the boar and Meleager killed it. He awarded her the hide since she had drawn the first drop of blood.
Meleager's uncles Toxeus, the "archer",<ref>There were two further brothers, Thyreus, the "porter", and Klymenos, the "famous"—though Meleager is by far the most renowned of the four—and two sisters, Gorge and Deianira (Kerenyi 1959:199 and Genealogical table G, p. 375).</ref> and Plexippus grew enraged that the prize was given to a woman. Meleager killed them in the following argument.<ref>Hyginus, Fabulae 244</ref> He also killed Iphicles and Eurypylus for insulting Atalanta. When Althaea found out that Meleager had killed her brothers, she placed the piece of wood that she had stolen from the Fates (the one that the Fates predicted, once engulfed with fire, would kill Meleager) upon the fire, thus fulfilling the prophecy and killing Meleager, her own son.<ref>Hyginus, Fabulae 239 & 249</ref> Meleager's sisters who mourned his death excessively were turned into guineafowl (meleagrides).<ref>Hyginus, Fabulae 174</ref>
AfterlifeEdit
In the underworld, his was the only shade that did not flee Heracles, who had come after Cerberus. In Bacchylides' Ode V, Meleager is depicted as still in his shining armor, so formidable, in Bacchylides' account, that Heracles reached for his bow to defend himself. Heracles was moved to tears by Meleager's account; Meleager had left his sister<ref>Or perhaps his half-sister, if Dionysus was the real father of Deianira, as Apollodorus, 1.8.1, would have it; Oeneus himself was "to judge by his name a double of the wine-god", as Kerenyi observes (Kerenyi 1959:199).</ref> Deianira unwedded in his father's house, and entreated Heracles to take her as his bride;<ref>Scholia on Iliad 21.194, noted by Kerenyi 1959:180 note 103.</ref> here Bacchylides breaks off his account of the meeting, without noting that in this way Heracles in the underworld chooses a disastrous wife.
According to Pliny the Elder's Natural History, Book 37, Chapter 11, Sophocles believed that amber is produced in the countries beyond India, from the tears that are shed for Meleager, by the birds called "meleagrides".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
InfluencesEdit
Among the Romans, the heroes assembled by Meleager for the Calydonian hunt provided a theme of multiple nudes in striking action, to be portrayed frieze-like on sarcophagi.
Meleager's story has similarities with the Scandinavian Norna-Gests þáttr.
Family treeEdit
GalleryEdit
- Meleager in art
- Giulio Romano - Meleager et Atalanta.jpg
Meleager et Atalanta, after Giulio Romano
- Meleagros Antikensammlung Berlin Sk215.jpg
Statue of Meleager modeled after Skopas
- Calydonian hunt Musei Capitolini MC917.jpg
Meleager sarcophagus
- Jacob Jordaens - Meleager and Atalanta, 1620-1650.jpg
Meleager and Atalanta (17th century) by Jacob Jordaens
- S03 06 01 021 image 2609.jpg
Volterra, Italy. Etruscan cinerary urn; Hunt of Maleager, Volterra. Brooklyn Museum Archives, Goodyear Archival Collection
- S03 06 01 020 image 2583.jpg
Meleager, Scopas' influence. Brooklyn Museum Archives, Goodyear Archival Collection
- Flemish - Meleager and Atalanta Setting Out to Hunt the Calydonian Boar - Walters 829 - View C.jpg
Meleager and Atalanta Setting Out to Hunt the Calydonian Boar, tapestry, Walters Art Museum
- Meleagrosz-tál.jpg
Meleager plate
- Meleagrosz-tál (2).jpg
Meleager plate (detail)
- BLW Meleager.jpg
Renaissance sculpture of Meleager by Pier Jacopo Alari Bonacolsi, who was known by his contemporaries as L'Antico. V&A Museum.
ReferencesEdit
SourcesEdit
- Bacchylides Fr 5.93
- Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica I, 190–201.
- Apollodorus, I, viii, 1–3.
- Ovid, Metamorphoses VIII, 269–525.