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Killer application

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Template:Redirect Template:Use mdy dates Template:Short description A killer application (often shortened to killer app) is any software that is so necessary or desirable that it proves the core value of some larger technology, such as its host computer hardware, video game console, software platform, or operating system.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Consumers would buy the host platform just to access that application, possibly substantially increasing sales of its host platform.<ref name = "Killer Application Feb 1989">Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref name = "Killer App 1989">Template:Cite magazine</ref>

UsageEdit

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The earliest recorded use of the term "killer app" in print is in the May 24, 1988 issue of PC Week: "Everybody has only one killer application. The secretary has a word processor. The manager has a spreadsheet."<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The definition of "killer app" came up during the deposition of Bill Gates in the United States v. Microsoft Corp. antitrust case. He had written an email in which he described Internet Explorer as a killer app. In the questioning, he said that the term meant "a popular application," and did not connote an application that would fuel sales of a larger product or one that would supplant its competition, as the Microsoft Computer Dictionary defined it.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Introducing the iPhone in 2007, Steve Jobs said that "the killer app is making calls".<ref name="Newton NYTimes">Template:Cite news</ref> Reviewing the iPhone's first decade, David Pierce for Wired wrote that although Jobs prioritized a good experience making calls in the phone's development, other features of the phone soon became more important, such as its data connectivity and the later ability to install third-party software.<ref name="Pierce iPhone">Template:Cite magazine</ref>

The World Wide Web (through the web browsers Mosaic and Netscape Navigator) is the killer app that popularized the Internet,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> as is the music sharing program Napster.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

ExamplesEdit

File:Visicalc.png
VisiCalc was released in 1979, becoming the earliest generally agreed-upon example of a killer application.

Although the term was coined in the late 1980s<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> one of the first retroactively recognized examples of a killer application is the VisiCalc spreadsheet, released in 1979 for the Apple II.Template:R<ref>D.J. Power, A Brief History of Spreadsheets, DSSResources.COM, v3.6, August 30, 2004</ref> Because it was not released for other computers for 12 months, people spent Template:US$ for the software first, then $2,000 to $10,000 (equivalent to $Template:Inflation to $Template:Inflation) on the requisite Apple II.<ref name="mcmullen19840221">Template:Cite magazine</ref> BYTE wrote in 1980, "VisiCalc is the first program available on a microcomputer that has been responsible for sales of entire systems",<ref name="ramsdell198011">Template:Cite magazine</ref> and Creative ComputingTemplate:'s VisiCalc review is subtitled "reason enough for owning a computer".<ref name="green198008">Template:Cite magazine</ref> Others also chose to develop software, such as EasyWriter, for the Apple II first because of its higher sales, helping Apple defeat rivals Commodore International and Tandy Corporation.Template:R

The co-creator of WordStar, Seymour Rubinstein, argued that the honor of the first killer app should go to that popular word processor, given that it came out a year before VisiCalc and that it gave a reason for people to buy a computer.<ref name="bergin2006" /> However, whereas WordStar could be considered an incremental improvement (albeit a large one) over smart typewriters like the IBM Electronic Selectric Composer,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> VisiCalc, with its ability to instantly recalculate rows and columns, introduced an entirely new paradigm and capability.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Although released four years after VisiCalc, Lotus 1-2-3 also benefited sales of the IBM PC.Template:R Noting that computer purchasers did not want PC compatibility as much as compatibility with certain PC software, InfoWorld suggested "let's tell it like it is. Let's not say 'PC compatible', or even 'MS-DOS compatible'. Instead, let's say '1-2-3 compatible'."Template:R<ref name="clapp19840227">Template:Cite magazine</ref>

The UNIX Operating System became a killer applicationTemplate:Citation needed for the DEC PDP-11 and VAX-11 minicomputers during roughly 1975–1985. Many of the PDP-11 and VAX-11 processors never ran DEC's operating systems (RSTS or VAX/VMS), but instead, they ran UNIX, which was first licensed in 1975. To get a virtual-memory UNIX (BSD 3.0), requires a VAX-11 computer. Many universities wanted a general-purpose timesharing system that would meet the needs of students and researchers. Early versions of UNIX included free compilers for C, Fortran, and Pascal, at a time when offering even one free compiler was unprecedented. From its inception, UNIX drives high-quality typesetting equipment and later PostScript printers using the nroff/troff typesetting language, and this was also unprecedented. UNIX is the first operating system offered in source-license form (a university license cost only $10,000, less than a PDP-11), allowing it to run on an unlimited number of machines, and allowing the machines to interface to any type of hardware because the UNIX I/O system is extensible.Template:Original research inline

Applications and operating systemsEdit

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Video gamesEdit

The term applies to video games that persuade consumers to buy a particular video game console or accessory, by virtue of platform exclusivity. Such a game is also called a "system seller".

  • Space Invaders, originally released for arcades in 1978, became a killer app when it was ported to the Atari VCS console in 1980, quadrupling sales of the three-year-old console.<ref name="RG-41">Template:Cite magazine</ref>
  • Star Raiders, released in 1980, was the first killer app computer game.<ref name=fulton20080821>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> BYTE named it the single most important reason for sales of Atari 400 and 800 computers.<ref name="williams198105">Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref name="feigel198209">Template:Cite magazine</ref> Another was Eastern Front (1941), released in 1981.<ref name="greenlaw19811112">Template:Cite magazine</ref>

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    • Sonic the Hedgehog, released in 1991, was hailed as a killer app as it revived sales of the three-year-old Genesis.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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|CitationClass=web }}</ref> Tekken,<ref name="auto" /> Wipeout,<ref name="SatMag5">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="eurogamer1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Tomb Raider,<ref name="GS-History">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and Crash Bandicoot<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> are the killer apps for the PlayStation. Tomb Raider was released for the Sega Saturn first and for MS-DOS at the same time, but the games contributed substantially to the original PlayStation's early success.

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  • Mario Kart 8 is a killer app for the Wii U in the UK.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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|CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> as the first true AAA virtual reality game.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Sales of VR headsets such as the Valve Index increased dramatically after its announcement, suggesting users bought the product specifically for the game.<ref>Parlock, Joe (December 9, 2019). "The Valve Index VR Headset Sells Out Before Christmas Thanks To 'Half-Life: Alyx'", Forbes. Retrieved December 30, 2019.</ref>

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  • Pokémon games are killer apps for Nintendo handhelds,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> often topping the best-selling charts for whatever system they appear on.

See alsoEdit

ReferencesEdit

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