Template:Short description {{#invoke:Infobox|infobox}}Template:Template otherTemplate:Main other Template:Contains special characters
Komi (Template:Langx, {{#invoke:IPA|main}}), also known as Zyran, Zyrian or Komi-Zyryan (Template:Langx),<ref name="britannica">Template:Cite encyclopedia.</ref> is the native language of the Komi (Zyrians). It is one of the Permian languages; the other regional varieties are Komi-Permyak,Template:Sfn which has official status, and Komi-Yazva.
Komi is spoken in the Komi Republic and other parts of Russia such as Nenetsia and Yamalia. There were 285,000 speakers in 1994, which decreased to 160,000 in 2010.
It was formerly written in the Old Permic script created by Stephen of Perm for liturgical purposes in the 14th century, though very few texts exist in this script. The Cyrillic script was introduced by Russian missionaries in the 17th century, replacing it. A tradition of secular works of literature in the modern form of the language dates back to the 19th century.
DialectsEdit
Komi has ten dialects: Syktyvkardin (Sysola), Lower Ežva (Vychegda), Central Ežva (Vychegda), Upper Ežva (Vychegda), Luz-let, Upper Sysola, Pećöra, Iźva, Vym, and Udora dialects. Syktyvkardin is spoken in the region of Syktyvkar and forms the model for the generic standard dialect of the language. Dialects are divided based primarily on their use of {{#invoke:IPA|main}} and {{#invoke:IPA|main}}:<ref name=B1>Bartens 2000, p. 47-49</ref>
- Older *{{#invoke:IPA|main}} remains unchanged in Upper Ežva and Pećöra dialects (also in most dialects of Komi-Permyak).
- In Central dialects, {{#invoke:IPA|main}} changed to {{#invoke:IPA|main}} syllable-finally; for instance, in literary Komi *{{#invoke:IPA|main}} → {{#invoke:IPA|main}} "tongue".
- In Northern dialects, changes of {{#invoke:IPA|main}} continued with complete vocalization of syllable-final {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, resulting in long vowels.
The start of the change date to the 17th century. It is not seen in the oldest Komi texts from the 14th century, nor in loanwords from Komi to Khanty, dated to the 16th; though it fully occurred before Russian loanwords that entered the language in the 18th century as {{#invoke:IPA|main}} remains unchanged in these.
Some dialects are further distinguished based on the palatalized alveolars {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, which have unpacked in syllable-final position as clusters {{#invoke:IPA|main}}.<ref name=B1/>
PhonologyEdit
ConsonantsEdit
VowelsEdit
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link |
| Mid | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link |
| Open | Template:IPA link |
There are no diphthongs, although vowel sequences can occur at morpheme boundaries.
The phoneme Template:IPA link is phonetically Template:IPA link, and Template:IPA link is phonetically Template:IPA link. There is noticeable positional allophony, depending on the surrounding consonants, however no allophone overlaps with another vowel phoneme.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Writing systemEdit
{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}}
The Old Permic script is the first writing system for Komi. It was invented in the 14th century by the missionary Stephen of Perm. The alphabet resembled medieval Greek and Cyrillic. The script was also known as Anbur (Komi: Template:Script, Анбур), named for the first 2 letters of the script, "an" & "bur" (𐍐 & 𐍑, respectively). It is no longer in use today, though it has received Unicode Support as "Old Permic" in recent times.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The script saw use in Komi-inhabited areas, primarily the Principality of Great Perm and parts of Bjarmaland.
In the 16th century, this alphabet was replaced by the Russian alphabet with certain modifications for affricates. In the 1920s, the language was written in the Molodtsov alphabet, which also derived from Cyrillic. In the 1930s, during the Latinisation in the Soviet Union, Komi was briefly written with a version of the Latin script. Since the 1940s it uses the Russian-based Cyrillic alphabet with the additional letters І, і and Ӧ, ӧ.
| CitationClass=web
}}</ref> | ||||||
| Anbur | Cyrillic | Cyrillic (Molodtsov) | Latin | IPA | Letter name | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Template:Script | А а | A a | Template:IPAslink | а | ||
| Template:Script | Б б | B b | Template:IPAslink | бе | ||
| Template:Script | В в | V v | Template:IPAslink | ве | ||
| Template:Script | Г г | G g | Template:IPAslink | ге | ||
| Template:Script | Д д | Ԁ ԁ
Ԃ ԃ |
D d Ď ď |
Template:IPAslink Template:IPAslink before е, ё, и, ю, я, ь |
дэ | |
| Template:Script | Дж дж | Җ җ | Dž dž | Template:IPAslink | дже | |
| Template:Script | Дз дз | Ԇ ԇ | Dź dź | Template:IPAslink | дзе | |
| - | Е е | - | Je je E e |
Template:IPAslink [je] word-initially and after vowels /e/ after /c, ɟ, ɕ, ʑ, ɲ, ʎ/ |
е | |
| - | Ё ё | - | Jo jo
O o |
[jo] word-initially and after vowels /o/ after /c, ɟ, ɕ, ʑ, ɲ, ʎ/ |
ё | |
| Template:Script | Ж ж | Ž ž | Template:IPAslink | же | ||
| Template:Script | З з | З з
Ԅ ԅ |
Z z Ź ź |
Template:IPAslink Template:IPAslink before е, ё, и, ю, я, ь |
зэ | |
| Template:Script | И и | - | I i | Template:IPAslink /i/ after /c, ɟ, ɕ, ʑ, ɲ, ʎ/ |
небыд и ("soft i") | |
| Template:Script | І і | I i | /i/ after /t, d, s, z, n, l/ | чорыд и ("hard i") | Non-palatalizing form of и. | |
| Template:Script | Й й | Ј ј | J j | Template:IPAslink | дженьыд и | |
| Template:Script | К к | K k | Template:IPAslink | ка | ||
| Template:Script | Л л | Л л
Ԉ ԉ |
L l Ľ ľ |
Template:IPAslink Template:IPAslink before е, ё, и, ю, я, ь |
эл | |
| Template:Script | М м | M m | Template:IPAslink | эм | ||
| Template:Script | Н н | Н н
Ԋ ԋ |
N n Ń ń |
Template:IPAslink Template:IPAslink before е, ё, и, ю, я, ь |
эн | |
| Template:Script | О о
- |
O o
- |
Template:IPAslink
/ɔ/ |
о
"open o" |
Open "o" is absent in the literary Komi language. | |
| Template:Script | Ӧ ӧ | Ö ö | Template:IPAslink | ӧ | ||
| Template:Script | П п | P p | Template:IPAslink | пе | ||
| Template:Script | Р р | R r | Template:IPAslink | эр | ||
| Template:Script | С с | С с
Ԍ ԍ |
S s Ś ś |
Template:IPAslink Template:IPAslink before е, ё, и, ю, я, ь |
эс | |
| Template:Script | Т т | Т т
Ԏ ԏ |
T t Ť ť |
Template:IPAslink Template:IPAslink before е, ё, и, ю, я, ь |
тэ | |
| Template:Script | Тш тш | Щ щ | Č č | Template:IPAslink | тше | |
| Template:Script | У у | U u | Template:IPAslink | у | ||
| Template:Script | Ф ф | - | F f | /f/ | эф | In loanwords. |
| Template:Script | Х х | - | H h | /x/ | ха | In loanwords. |
| Template:Script | Ц ц | - | C c | /ts/ | це | In loanwords. |
| - | Ч ч | Ć ć | Template:IPAslink | че | ||
| Template:Script | Ш ш | Š š | Template:IPAslink | ша | ||
| Template:Script | Щ щ | - | Šč šč | /ʃtʃ~ʃː/ | ща | In loanwords. |
| Template:Script | Ъ ъ | - | - | - | чорыд пас ("hard sign") | Same usage as Russian. |
| Template:Script | Ы ы | Y y | Template:IPAslink | ы | ||
| Template:Script | Ь ь | - | - | /ʲ/ | небыд пас ("soft sign") | Same usage as Russian. |
| - | Э э
- |
Ее | E e
- |
Template:IPAslink
/ɛ/ |
э
"open e" |
Non-palatalizing form of "е".
Open "e" is absent in the modern Komi language. |
| Template:Script | Ю ю | - | Ju ju
U u |
[ju] /u/ after /c, ɟ, ɕ, ʑ, ɲ, ʎ/ |
ю | |
| Template:Script | Я я | - | Ja ja
A a |
[ja] /a/ after /c, ɟ, ɕ, ʑ, ɲ, ʎ/ |
я | |
Letters particular to the Molodtsov alphabet include ԁ, ԃ, ԅ, ԇ, ԉ, ԋ, ԍ, ԏ, most of which represent palatalized consonants.
| А а | Б б | В в | Г г | Ԁ ԁ | Ԃ ԃ | Е е | Ж ж | Җ җ | З з | Ԅ ԅ | Ԇ ԇ | |
| І і | Ј ј | К к | Л л | Ԉ ԉ | М м | Н н | Ԋ ԋ | О о | Ӧ ӧ | П п | Р р | |
| С с | Ԍ ԍ | Т т | Ԏ ԏ | У у | Ф ф | Х х | Ц ц | Ч ч | Ш ш | Щ щ | Ы ы |
GrammarEdit
Komi has 17 cases, with a rich inventory of locative cases. Like other Uralic languages, Komi has no gender. Verbs agree with subjects in person and number (sg/pl). Negation is expressed with an auxiliary verb, which is inflected for person, number and tense.
Komi is an agglutinative language and adheres to a subject–object–verb order.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Most modern texts, however, possess a subject-verb-object word order, due to heavy Russian language influence and the resulting calques.
Sample textEdit
The following sample text displays the Anbur, Cyrillic (modern) and Latin lyrical text from the Komi-Zyryan folk song "{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}" (Template:Tlit, meaning Daisies).
The first verse of the song and the refrain, as written in the Anbur Script:
The second verse and refrain, as written in the Zyryan Cyrillic Alphabet:
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
The third and final verse and refrain, as written in the modern Latin alphabet: Template:Citation needed
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
NotesEdit
BibliographyEdit
- Template:Cite book
- R. M. Batalova. 1993. Komi(-Zyryanskij) Jazyk. In V. N. Jartseva (ed.), Jazyki Mira: Ural'skie Jazyki, 214–229. Moskva: Nauka.
- Feďuňova, G.V. Önija komi kyv ('The Modern Komi Language'). Morfologija/Daśtöma filologijasa kandidat G.V.Feďuňova kipod ulyn. Syktyvkar: Komi ňebög ledźanin, 2000. 544 pp. Template:ISBN.
- Template:Cite book
External linksEdit
- Books in Komi-Zyrian from Finno-Ugric Electronic Library (by the Finno-Ugric Information Center in Syktyvkar, Komi Republic (interface in Russian and English, texts in Mari, Komi, Udmurt, Erzya and Moksha languages))
- Komi–Russian & Russian–Komi Online Dictionaries
- Tarabukin I.I. Komi–Russian Phraseological Dictionary.
- Komi Grammar. (in Russian)
- Komi-language courses
- Books in Komi-Zyrian language (by the Finno-Ugric Information Center in Syktyvkar, Komi Republic (interface in Komi-Zyrian))
- Books in Komi-Permyak language (by the Finno-Ugric Information Center in Syktyvkar, Komi Republic (interface in Komi-Permyak))
- Komi media collection (by the Finno-Ugric Information Center in Syktyvkar, Komi Republic (interface in English))