Template:Short description Template:Use dmy dates Template:Multiple issues Template:Infobox weapon The Type 91 was an aerial torpedo of the Imperial Japanese Navy. It was in service from 1931 to 1945. It was used in naval battles in World War II and was specially developed for attacks on ships in shallow harbours.
The Type 91 aerial torpedo had two unique characteristics. Firstly, it used wooden stabilizers attached to the tail fins which were shed upon water entry. Secondly, it engaged an angular acceleration control system to control rolling movements, which was very advanced for its time. This system made it possible to release the Type 91 not only at a cruising speed of Template:Convert at an altitude of Template:Convert, but also in a power-glide torpedo-bombing run at the maximum speed of the Nakajima B5N 'Kate', Template:Convert
The Type 91 torpedo was an Template:Convert diameter torpedo, similar in size to other nations. There were five models put into service, with high-explosive warheads weighing from Template:Convert with effective ranges from Template:Convert at Template:Convert.
Since the Type 91 torpedo was the only practical aerial torpedo of the Imperial Japanese Navy, it was simply known as the Koku Gyorai or "aerial torpedo". Surface warships and submarines used other types of torpedoes, namely the Type 93 and Type 95 respectively, while the Type 97 torpedo was designed for use by midget submarines.
SpecificationsEdit
The torpedo measured Template:Convert in length, with a diameter of Template:Convert, and weighed Template:Convert, with an explosive charge of Template:Convert. It had a range of Template:Convert and a speed of Template:Convert. A slightly-modified variant was used to sink HMS Prince of Wales and HMS Repulse, launched from Mitsubishi G4M "Betty" bombers in an action in the South China Sea three days after Pearl Harbor on 10 December 1941.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Type 91 historyEdit
.jpg){kind=link}
_during_the_Battle_of_Santa_Cruz_Islands_on_26_October_1942.jpg){kind=link}
- Chronological Table
- 1931Template:SndType 91 aerial torpedo is put into service, production begins.
- 1936Template:SndRevision 1. Self-detachable wooden plates are introduced.
- 1937Template:SndLaunch-tests at Template:Convert with wooden damper.
- 1939Template:SndRevision 2 starts production. Not running true after water entry is identified as a major problem.
- 1941Template:SndRevision 2 clears the shallow water launching test due to the introduction of an anti-rolling controller. Battle of Pearl Harbor, sinking of HMS Prince of Wales and HMS Repulse.
- 1941Template:SndRevision 3 starts production.
- 1942 Template:SndIndian Ocean raid, Battle of the Coral Sea, Battle of Midway, Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands. 2 August: Type 91 torpedo technology reaches Nazi Germany via IJN sub I-30<ref name="combinedfleet.com">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- 1943Template:SndRevision 5 starts production.
- 1944Template:SndBattle of the Philippine Sea, Aerial Battle of Taiwan-Okinawa.
Initial developmentEdit
Rear Admiral Seiji Naruse led the team in charge of the initial development of the TypeTemplate:Nbsp91 aerial torpedo at the Yokosuka Naval Arsenal. The team was known as the Ninety One Association and included Lt Cmdr Haruo Hirota, Lt Cmdr Makoto Kodaira (Matsunawa), Naval Assistant Manager Iyeta, Naval Engineer Noma, Naval Engineer Moritoshi Maeda, Lieutenant Hidehiko Ichikawa, and Teruyuki Kawada, a university student who was a naval apprentice.Template:Citation needed
Captain Fumio Aiko was in charge of further development of the torpedo from 1931. Captain Aiko managed the team as it developed an effective aerial torpedo and anti-rolling controller. He considered the TypeTemplate:Nbsp91 aerial torpedo to be his great achievement.Template:Citation needed
Delayed developmentEdit
At the beginning of 1934, Kan-Pon or the Imperial Japanese Navy Technical Department, an operating division of the Ministry of the Navy of the Imperial Japanese government, which had the primary responsibility for naval weapon systems, had their own plan for a Japanese aerial torpedo. In their concept, a big flying boat was to carry a variant of the heavy TypeTemplate:Nbsp93 oxygen torpedoes to launch at long range, and then turn back towards safety. This eventually proved to be an unrealistic desk plan. Kan-Pon confidentially developed their own TypeTemplate:Nbsp94 torpedo and even ordered a halt to production of the Type 91. This significantly delayed the development schedule of the TypeTemplate:Nbsp91 and frustrated the project members.Template:Citation needed
Wooden tail stabilizers addedEdit
The project team developed Kyoban wooden aerodynamic stabilizer plates for the TypeTemplate:Nbsp91's tail fins as revisionTemplate:Nbsp1 in 1936. These stabilized the torpedo in flight to ensure the proper angle for water entry and were designed to shear off on entry to the water, preventing the torpedo from diving too deep. The team demonstrated their effectiveness in tests at altitudes of both Template:Convert the following year.
The original TypeTemplate:Nbsp91 was considered to have a frail bodyTemplate:Citation needed, and so this was strengthened in a new model in 1938 known as revisionTemplate:Nbsp2.
Anti-rolling controller developedEdit
Type 91 aerial torpedoes won admiration for their effective anti-rolling controller and acceleration control system.Template:Citation needed Before the anti-rolling controller was introduced, the early versions of the TypeTemplate:Nbsp91 had serious problems, as did all other aerial torpedoes of the time. When released at high speed, it had a tendency to make a double-roll in the air. When released into heavy seas, a spin could be imparted by the hard impact on water entry. Other issues included: the running direction veering on water impact; not running horizontally after water entry, but continuing vertically to either stick in the bottom of shallow water or be crushed by the water pressure (at a depth of 100Template:Nbspm or so); jumping back out of the water; skipping along the water surface; or even running backwards. Only very experienced aviators could be sure of a clean torpedo bombing run, and then only when operating over a calm sea.Template:Citation needed A tumbling torpedo will run out of control once it hits the water. The gyrocompass and the depth meter may work well, but the torpedo cannot control the running direction by tail rudders unless they are initially in the neutral position. Once the torpedo rolls, the horizontal and vertical rudders lose their positions, resulting in a runaway.Template:Citation needed
The specification for the launch speed of aircraft was increased from Template:Convert with the expectation that it would be increased again. The engineers and scientists of the Type 91 project concluded that any aerial torpedo needed an anti-rolling system with not only a damping stabilizer function but also an acceleration controlling function. Without these features any torpedo would be highly likely to fall into an unstable state. The idea of acceleration-control, or counter-steering, was at the time widely considered to be impossible.Template:Citation needed
A breakthrough on aerial torpedo design was made with the anti-rolling controller invented first by Iyeda, assistant manager of the arsenal workmen, in spring 1941. Ten days later, while the Iyeda system was being tested, Naval Engineer Noma invented another system. It functioned in a similar way, but with a different mechanism. During the prototype tests, Noma's system was found to be the better, having less time lag in its responses. So the Noma system was adopted for the next production version of TypeTemplate:Nbsp91 and it went into final testing in August 1941, making practical the use of aerial torpedoes both in rough seas and in shallow waters.Template:Citation needed It enabled the TypeTemplate:Nbsp91Template:Nbsprev.2 to run under water no deeper than 20 meters, with experienced pilots learning to launch their torpedo so as to sink to a depth of no more than 10 meters.Template:Citation needed
Increase in explosive weightEdit
The anti-rolling controller also made it possible for the TypeTemplate:Nbsp91 to carry a heavier warhead. The TypeTemplate:Nbsp91Template:Nbsprev.1 warhead weighed Template:Convert with a high explosive charge of Template:Convert, but the rev.2 warhead weighed Template:Convert with Template:Convert of high explosive. Warhead rev.7, which was carried by twin-engine bombers, weighed Template:Convert and boasted a high explosive charge of Template:Convert; this was designed to pierce the reinforced armour plates of the latest US Navy ships.Template:Citation needed
ProductionEdit
The Type 91 was researched and developed at Yokosuka Naval Arsenal in Kanagawa Prefecture. It was first produced at the Mitsubishi-Urakami Ordnance Works division of Mitsubishi Heavy Industries. Later, the Imperial Japanese Navy established two manufacturing sites: Suzuka Naval Arsenal in Mie Prefecture; and Kawatana Naval Arsenal, a branch of Sasebo Naval Arsenal, in Nagasaki Prefecture. The Mitsubishi-Urakami Ordnance Works plant at Kawatana specialized in torpedo production and was destroyed by the atomic bomb dropped on Nagasaki.<ref>Template:Cite report</ref>
Technology transfer to GermanyEdit
Germany approached Japan requesting the transfer of Japanese aerial torpedo technology. In a yanagi mission the Imperial Japanese Navy sent the plans and a number of TypeTemplate:Nbsp91 aerial torpedoes on Japanese submarine I-30 (a large cruiser type submarine) which arrived in Lorient on AugustTemplate:Nbsp2, 1942.<ref name="combinedfleet.com"/> It was designated the Lufttorpedo LT 850 in German service.Template:Citation needed The weight of the LT 850 German version was somewhat lighter at Template:Convert, with a Template:Convert length.Template:Citation needed
Germany wished to acquire the knowledge behind the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service's aerial torpedo technology in order to more effectively attack the Allied transport ships steaming in the Mediterranean Sea.<ref>Template:Harvc</ref> It had previously imported Italian-made aerial torpedoes, which became unavailable following the Italian Armistice of Cassibile with the Allies in September 1943. The indigenous German aerial torpedo designs were badly restricted in launch speed and launch altitude.Template:Citation needed
VariantsEdit
| Main body | Warhead type |
Warhead weight |
Speed | Range | Total Length | Diameter | Total Weight | Head Length (m) | Head Weight (kg) | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Type 91 | Type 91 | Template:Cvt | Template:Cvt | Template:Cvt | Template:Cvt | Template:Cvt | Template:Cvt | 0.958 | 213.5 | – |
| Rev.1 | Rev.1 | Template:Cvt | Template:Cvt | Template:Cvt | 0.958 | 213.5 | Supported shedding wooden tail-plates in 1936, first model considered for German Template:Ill version | |||
| Rev.2 | Rev.2 | Template:Cvt | Template:Cvt | Template:Cvt | 1.158 | 276.5 | Body reinforced in 1938, anti-rolling controller added in 1941, 2nd version considered for German LT 850 version | |||
| Rev.3 | Rev.3 | Template:Cvt | Template:Cvt | Template:Cvt | 1.460 | 323.6 | – | |||
| Rev.3 | Rev.3_rev. | Template:Cvt | Template:Cvt | Template:Cvt | 1.460 | 323.6 | Reinforced warhead | |||
| Rev.5 | Rev.3_rev. | Template:Cvt | Template:Cvt | Template:Convert | Template:Cvt | 1.460 | 323.6 | Precision forging and stainless steel cast body | ||
| Rev.5 | Rev.7 | Template:Cvt | Template:Cvt | Template:Cvt | 1.900 | 526.0 | Warhead designed to breach the armor of US battleships |
The Type 91 (modification 2), was a shallow-water aerial torpedo that was designed for and used in the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941. Wooden fins and a softwood breakaway nose cone were added to allow for launching into shallow water at low altitudes.<ref name="hellions">Template:Cite book</ref>
There were two versions in the Type 91 warhead rev.3, differing in designed maximum launch speeds.
Later, heavier models had a decreased range.
Further developmentEdit
In spring 1944, the Yokosuka air arsenal began development of the Shisei Gyorai M (trial model torpedo M), or simply the "Two tonne torpedo". This was an enlarged version of the Type 91 aerial torpedo and was Template:Convert in diameter, Template:Convert long, weighing Template:Convert, and carrying a Template:Convert warhead.Template:Sfnp It would have been the largest aerial torpedo in the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Force, but the operating concept became outdated and the project was never completed.Template:Citation needed However, the TypeTemplate:Nbsp91 aerial torpedo project members did not regard it as a part of the TypeTemplate:Nbsp91 series.Template:Citation needed
Post-war commemorationEdit
Some 30 years after the war, surviving members of the development team raised money to privately publish a small book, Koku Gyorai Note or Aerial Torpedo Notebook.<ref>Template:Harvc</ref>
Type 91 torpedoes are currently displayed at the Etajima school of Japan Maritime Self-Defense (the Maritime Self Defense Force 1stTemplate:NbspTechnical School) and Shimofusa Base. They are missing the roll rudders. An excavated Type 91Template:Nbspaerial torpedo is preserved at the Resource Museum in JGSDF Camp Naha, 1st Combined Brigade of The Western Army, JGSDF, located in Naha city, Okinawa. It retains the original features. It was picked up as unexploded ordnance by a bomb-disposal unit of the JGSDF. A captured TypeTemplate:Nbsp91 aerial torpedo is displayed at the US Naval Academy, Annapolis, Maryland. It rests on two supports flanking a pathway in a small park in front of the Academy's Dahlgren Hall. Displayed on the other side of the pathway is a TypeTemplate:Nbsp93 Japanese Long Lance ship-launched torpedo.Template:Citation needed
See alsoEdit
ReferencesEdit
NotesEdit
Template:Notelist Template:Citation style
BibliographyEdit
- Template:Cite book Privately printed book.
- Template:Cite book Photographic print copies of Imperial Japanese Navy Action Reports.
- Template:Cite book Ozawa is the designer of Ki-69.
- Template:Cite book Seko was one of the last torpedo bombardiers of B6Ns.
- Template:Cite book
- (August 1945), Resources from Torpedo bombing section, Kawatana branch, Naval aerial technology arsenal, Imperial Japanese Navy.
- (August 1945), Resources from the 1st torpedo section, Kawatana naval arsenal production firm, Imperial Japanese Navy.