Template:Short description Template:More citations needed Template:Infobox particle The Template:Subatomic particle (J/psi) meson Template:IPAc-en is a subatomic particle, a flavor-neutral meson consisting of a charm quark and a charm antiquark. Mesons formed by a bound state of a charm quark and a charm anti-quark are generally known as "charmonium" or psions.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The Template:Subatomic particle is the most common form of charmonium, due to its spin of 1 and its low rest mass. The Template:Subatomic particle has a rest mass of Template:Val, just above that of the Template:Subatomic particle (Template:Val), and a mean lifetime of Template:Val. This lifetime was about a thousand times longer than expected.<ref> Template:Cite press release</ref>
Its discovery was made independently by two research groups, one at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, headed by Burton Richter, and one at the Brookhaven National Laboratory, headed by Samuel Ting of MIT. They discovered that they had found the same particle, and both announced their discoveries on 11 November 1974. The importance of this discoveryTemplate:Cn is highlighted by the fact that the subsequent, rapid changes in high-energy physics at the time have become collectively known as the "November Revolution". Richter and Ting were awarded the 1976 Nobel Prize in Physics.
Background to discoveryEdit
The background to the discovery of the Template:Subatomic particle was both theoretical and experimental. In the 1960s, the first quark models of elementary particle physics were proposed, which said that protons, neutrons, and all other baryons, and also all mesons, are made from fractionally charged particles, the "quarks", originally with three types or "flavors", called up, down, and strange. (Later the model was expanded to six quarks, adding the charm, top and bottom quarks.) Despite the ability of quark models to bring order to the "elementary particle zoo", they were considered something like mathematical fiction at the time, a simple artifact of deeper physical reasons.<ref> Template:Cite book </ref>
Starting in 1969, deep inelastic scattering experiments at SLAC revealed surprising experimental evidence for particles inside of protons. Whether these were quarks or something else was not known at first. Many experiments were needed to fully identify the properties of the sub-protonic components. To a first approximation, they indeed were a match for the previously described quarks.
On the theoretical front, gauge theories with broken symmetry became the first fully viable contenders for explaining the weak interaction after Gerardus 't Hooft discovered in 1971 how to calculate with them beyond tree level. The first experimental evidence for these electroweak unification theories was the discovery of the weak neutral current in 1973. Gauge theories with quarks became a viable contender for the strong interaction in 1973, when the concept of asymptotic freedom was identified.
However, a naive mixture of electroweak theory and the quark model led to calculations about known decay modes that contradicted observation: In particular, it predicted Z boson-mediated flavor-changing decays of a strange quark into a down quark, which were not observed. A 1970 idea of Sheldon Glashow, John Iliopoulos, and Luciano Maiani, known as the GIM mechanism, showed that the flavor-changing decays would be strongly suppressed if there were a fourth quark (now called the charm quark) that was a complementary counterpart to the strange quark. By summer 1974 this work had led to theoretical predictions of what a charm + anticharm meson would be like.
The group at Brookhaven,Template:Efn were the first to discern a peak at 3.1 GeV in plots of production rates. Ting named it the "J meson".<ref name="TingJ">We discussed the name of the new particle for some time. Someone pointed out to me that the really exciting stable particles are designated by Roman characters – like the postulated W0, the intermediate vector boson, the Z0, etc. – whereas the "classical" particles have Greek designations like ρ, ω etc. This, combined with the fact that our work in the last decade had been concentrated on the electromagnetic current <math display="inline">j_\mu (x)</math> gave us the idea to call this particle the J particle. Samuel Ting, The Discovery of the J Particle Nobel prize lecture, 11. December 1976 [1]</ref>
Decay modesEdit
Hadronic decay modes of Template:Subatomic particle are strongly suppressed because of the OZI rule. This effect strongly increases the lifetime of the particle and thereby gives it its very narrow decay width of just Template:Val. Because of this strong suppression, electromagnetic decays begin to compete with hadronic decays. This is why the Template:Subatomic particle has a significant branching fraction to leptons.
The primary decay modes<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> are:
Template:Subatomic particle meltingEdit
In a hot QCD medium, when the temperature is raised well beyond the Hagedorn temperature, the Template:Subatomic particle and its excitations are expected to melt.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> This is one of the predicted signals of the formation of the quark–gluon plasma. Heavy-ion experiments at CERN's Super Proton Synchrotron and at BNL's Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider have studied this phenomenon without a conclusive outcome as of 2009. This is due to the requirement that the disappearance of Template:Subatomic particle mesons is evaluated with respect to the baseline provided by the total production of all charm quark-containing subatomic particles, and because it is widely expected that some Template:Subatomic particle are produced and/or destroyed at time of QGP hadronization. Thus, there is uncertainty in the prevailing conditions at the initial collisions.
In fact, instead of suppression, enhanced production of Template:Subatomic particle is expected<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> in heavy ion experiments at LHC where the quark-combinant production mechanism should be dominant given the large abundance of charm quarks in the QGP. Aside of Template:Subatomic particle, charmed B mesons (Template:Subatomic particle), offer a signature that indicates that quarks move freely and bind at-will when combining to form hadrons.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref> Template:Cite arXiv</ref>
NameEdit
Because of the nearly simultaneous discovery, the Template:Subatomic particle is the only particle to have a two-letter name. Richter named it "SP", after the SPEAR accelerator used at SLAC; however, none of his coworkers liked that name. After consulting with Greek-born Leo Resvanis to see which Greek letters were still available, and rejecting "iota" because its name implies insignificance, Richter chose "psi"Template:Snda name which, as Gerson Goldhaber pointed out, contains the original name "SP", but in reverse order.<ref> {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Coincidentally, later spark chamber pictures often resembled the psi shape. Ting assigned the name "J" to it, saying that the more stable particles, such as the W and Z bosons had Roman names, as opposed to classical particles, which had Greek names. He also cited the symbol for electromagnetic current <math>j_{\mu}(x)</math> which much of their previous work was concentrated on to be one of the reasons.<ref name="TingJ" />
Much of the scientific community considered it unjust to give one of the two discoverers priority, so most subsequent publications have referred to the particle as the "Template:Subatomic particle".
The first excited state of the Template:Subatomic particle was called the ψ′; it is now called the ψ(2S), indicating its quantum state. The next excited state was called the ψ″; it is now called ψ(3770), indicating mass in Template:Val. Other vector charm–anticharm states are denoted similarly with ψ and the quantum state (if known) or the mass.<ref> {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The "J" is not used, since Richter's group alone first found excited states.
The name charmonium is used for the Template:Subatomic particle and other charm–anticharm bound states.Template:Efn This is by analogy with positronium, which also consists of a particle and its antiparticle (an electron and positron in the case of positronium).