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A legal doctrine is a framework, set of rules, procedural steps, or test, often established through precedent in the common law, through which judgments can be determined in a given legal case. For example, a doctrine comes about when a judge makes a ruling where a process is outlined and applied, and allows for it to be equally applied to like cases. When enough judges make use of the process, it may become established as the de facto method of deciding like situations.
ExamplesEdit
Examples of legal doctrines include:
| Doctrine | Definition and use | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Template:Anchor Faithless servant | Under the laws of a number of states in the United States, and most notably New York State law, an employee who acts unfaithfully towards his employer must forfeit all of the compensation he received during the period of his disloyalty.<ref name="auto6">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="auto">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="auto3">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="auto2">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="auto5">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> It is a very old common law doctrine that springs out of agency law.<ref name="auto1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |
CitationClass=web
}}</ref><ref name="auto7">Manning Gilbert Warren III (2010). "Equitable Clawback: An Essay on Restoration of Executive Compensation". 12 University of Pennsylvania Journal of Business Law 1135.</ref><ref name="auto"/><ref>Frank J Cavico, Bahaudin G Mujtaba, Stephen Muffler. (2018). "The Duty of Loyalty in the Employment Relationship: Legal Analysis and Recommendations for Employers and Workers". Journal of Legal, Ethical and Regulatory Issues, Vol. 21, Issue 3.</ref> |
| Template:Anchor Fundamental breach, also known as fundamental term or repudiatory breach | Under English common law, performance may be held to be so substandard that the party injured by the breach is to be exonerated from the performance even if the contract specifically requires performance in the face of a breach.<ref name=Willes/> It is an extension of the doctrine of deviation.Template:Cn | ||
| Template:Anchor Laches | Under English common law, a court may refuse to hear a case not brought before it after a lengthy period since the right of action arose. The doctrine of laches is intended to prevent injustice to the defendant because of the plaintiff reserving action for the time most convenient or advantageous for them. | ||
| Template:Anchor Substantial performance | A rule of equity in which, by contrast to fundamental breach, a contract that is substantially performed before a breach occurs may still be upheld to the benefit of the defendant. It is used by courts to prevent the injured party from taking unfair advantage of the party that breached after a portion of the contract has been performed.<ref name=Willes/> | ||
| Template:Anchor Attribution | A series of doctrines (such as vicarious liability and common purpose) allowing an actor to be held liable for actions he did not actually commit. | ||
| Template:Anchor Tipsy Coachman | A principle of appellate law that allows an appellate court to affirm a trial court that reaches the right result but for the wrong reasons, so long as there is any basis which would support the judgment in the record. |
See alsoEdit
- Constitutionalism
- Constitutional economics
- Concept
- Rule according to higher law
- Legal fiction
- Legal precedent
- Cogitationis poenam nemo patitur
- Ex aequo et bono
ReferencesEdit
External linksEdit
- Template:Commonscatinline
- Pierre Schlag and Amy J. Griffin, "How to do Things with Legal Doctrine" (University of Chicago Press 2020)
- Emerson H. Tiller and Frank B. Cross, "What is Legal Doctrine?," Northwestern University Law Review, Vol. 100:1, 2006.