Espagnole sauce

Template:Short description Template:Redirect Template:Infobox food Espagnole sauce ({{#invoke:IPA|main}}) is a basic brown sauce, and is one of the mother sauces of classic French cooking. In the early 19th century the chef Antonin Carême included it in his list of the basic sauces of French cooking. In the early 20th century Auguste Escoffier named it as one of the five sauces at the core of France's cuisine.

EtymologyEdit

"Espagnole" is the French for "Spanish". Many French sauces have names of countries, such as hollandaise sauce or crème anglaise. Generally, the country's name is chosen as a tribute to a historical event or because the sauce's content evokes that country. In the case of Spanish sauce, it is thought that the name was given due to its red color, which is associated with Spain.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Subsequently, several attempts were created to explain its name. It is said, for example, that Anne of Austria – who despite her name was Spanish – introduced cooks from Spain to the kitchens of the French court and that her cooks improved the French brown sauce by adding tomatoes.Template:Sfn A similar tale refers to the Spanish cooks employed by Louis XIV's wife, Maria Theresa of Spain.<ref>Nguyen, Stephane. "French Cooking Academy", at 1m 05 seconds onwards.</ref> There is no record of Spanish cooks in the kitchens of the French court, therefore, these explanations appear to be baseless.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Another suggestion is that in the 17th century, Spanish bacon and ham were introduced as the meat for the stock on which the sauce is based, rather than the traditional beef.Template:Sfn

HistoryEdit

A "Spanish Sauce" appears in Vincent La Chapelle's 1733 cookery book Le Cuisinier moderne as a sauce for pheasant.Template:Sfn Marie-Antoine Carême printed a detailed recipe for "Sauce Espagnole" in his 1815 book Le Pâtissier royal parisien.Template:Sfn By the middle of the 19th century the sauce was familiar in the English-speaking world; in her Modern Cookery of 1845 Eliza Acton gave two recipes for it, one with added wine and one without.Template:Sfn The sauce was included in Auguste Escoffier's 1903 classification of the five mother sauces, on which much French cooking depends.Template:Sfn

IngredientsEdit

La Chapelle's recipe calls for onions, carrots, gravy, ham essence, lemon, garlic, basil, thyme, bay leaf, parsley, green onion, white wine, and, optionally, partridges. Liver is added at the end of cooking.

Carême's recipe runs to more than 400 words. He calls for ham, veal, and partridges gently braised in water for two hours, after which roux is mixed in and the pan is returned to the stove for a further two hours or more. It is garnished with "parsley, chives, bay leaves, thyme, sweet basil, cloves, and parings of mushrooms".Template:Sfn

Auguste Escoffier's recipe for espagnole, dating from 1903, is briefer, and it includes tomatoes, unlike older recipes. It calls for brown stock (made from veal, beef, and ham), brown roux, tomatoes, and mirepoix (diced onion, carrot, celery, and ham or lightly salted pork belly), simmered for up to eight hours.Template:Sfn

DerivativesEdit

Sauce espagnole is the basis for many French sauces. They include:

Sauce	Ingredients	Ref
africaine	Cayenne pepper, madeira, onion rings, diced truffles	Template:Sfn
bigarade	juice and zest of orange and lemon; duck stock, sugar	Template:Sfn
bordelaise	thyme, mignonette pepper, bay leaves, red wine	Template:Sfn
bourguignonne	shallots, parsley, thyme, bay, mushroom trimmings, butter and red wine	Template:Sfn
aux champignons	mushroom stock and small mushroom caps	Template:Sfn
charcutière	onions, white wine, vinegar, pepper, mustard, gherkins	Template:Sfn
chasseur	sliced mushrooms, chopped sautéed shallots, white wine, butter, parsley	Template:Sfn
chevreuil	mirepoix of vegetables, game trimmings, red wine, pepper sauce, Cayenne pepper	Template:Sfn
à la diable anglaise	shallots, white pepper, vinegar, tomato purée	Template:Sfn
financière	madeira, truffle essence	Template:Sfn
aux pignoles à l'italienne	pine kernels (pignoles), sugar, vinegar, nutmeg, pepper, red wine	Template:Sfn
Robert	onions, white wine, vinegar, pepper, mustard	Template:Sfn
Saint-Malo	white wine, shallots, mustard, anchovy paste	Template:Sfn
venaison	game essence, pepper sauce, redcurrant jelly, sugar	Template:Sfn