Emasculation

Template:Short description Template:Redirect

File:Cronus-and-uranus-french-c-1501.jpg

A painting of Zeus emasculating Cronus, Template:Circa

Emasculation is the removal of the external male sex organs, which includes both the penis and the scrotum, the latter of which contains the testicles. It is distinct from castration, where only the testicles are removed. Although the terms are sometimes used interchangeably, the potential medical consequences of emasculation are more extensive due to the complications arising from the removal of the penis.Template:Sfnm There are a range of religious, cultural, punitive, and personal reasons why someone may choose to emasculate themselves or another person.

The term emasculation may be used in a metaphorical sense, referring to the perceived loss of attributes traditionally associated with masculinity, such as strength, power, or autonomy.

MethodEdit

Template:See alsoThere are several different methods of emasculation. Both the penis and testicles may be removed simultaneously using a sharp instrument, such as a knife or razor or swords.Template:Sfnm Template:Sfnm Non-crushing vascular clamps may also be used in medical surgery to cut off blood circulation and reduce bleeding.Template:Sfn

Alternatively, the penis and testicles may be removed during a series of stages. Medical surgeons use this method when performing surgery on trans women who want their genitals removed over multiple sex reassignment surgeries (male-to-female), rather than in a single operation.Template:Sfnm In these surgeries, the tissue is used and re-shaped into the neo-vagina and vulva.

Medical consequencesEdit

Short-term consequences of emasculation include bleeding Template:Sfnm and infection.Template:Sfn Historically, death was also a potential complication, although the prevalence is disputed.Template:Sfn

Long term complications include incontinence,Template:Sfnm urethral stricture,Template:Sfn urine retention,Template:Sfnm urinary tract infection,Template:Sfnm urine extravasation Template:Sfn and bladder stones.Template:Sfnm Some studies have found that emasculation may cause a range of physiological changes, such as a shortened torso,Template:Sfn widened stomach and hips,Template:Sfnm increased height, bowed legs,Template:Sfn and an elongated skull.Template:Sfn Additionally, emasculates typically have less or no facial and body hair,Template:Sfnm increased fatty tissue or gynecomastia,Template:Sfnm and a feminine fat pattern distribution.Template:Sfn The physiological effects of emasculation are more severe for people who undergo the procedure before the onset of puberty.Template:Sfn

ReasonsEdit

CulturalEdit

Imperial ChinaEdit

Template:See also

File:A eunuch of Qing Dynasty.JPG

An emasculated Chinese eunuch from the Qing dynasty

Emasculation was performed in China on men to create palace eunuchs for the imperial court.Template:Sfnm The practice dates back to the Shang dynasty (1600–1046 BC)Template:Sfn and continued up until 1924,Template:Sfnm when the eunuch system was abolished by the last emperor of China, Puyi.Template:Sfnm The last living palace eunuch, Sun Yaoting, died in 1996.Template:Sfnm

Originally, palace eunuchs were prisoners who were involuntarily emasculated. In the Qing dynasty, men began volunteering to undergo the procedure in order to gain employment, although instances of forced emasculation still occurred.Template:Sfn One reason why recipients willingly underwent emasculation is that they saw employment as a palace eunuch as a way to acquire wealth and power. Alternatively, poverty was a reason why fathers forced their sons to undergo emasculation, and the desire for financial benefit motivated human traffickers to force emasculation on their victims.Template:Sfn

There were several reasons why the Imperial court required its civil servants to be emasculated. Emasculation was thought to ensure a recipient's undivided loyalty to the emperor, as it severs the recipient's existing familial or social bonds and destroys their ability to produce future heirs.Template:Sfn The choice to hire emasculated eunuchs also ensured the legitimacy of the emperor's lineage.Template:Sfn The choice to emasculate, rather than merely castrate, was motivated by a desire to protect the chastity of women in the court, as emasculation rendered a recipient incapable of sexual intercourse.Template:Sfn While emasculation was a pre-requisite for gaining employment as a palace eunuch, it did not guarantee employment.Template:Sfnm

The emasculation procedure was typically performed by a trained 'knifer', or 'knife expert'.Template:Sfnm To prepare for the operation, the recipient was bathed in cold water to numb his senses and, in some instances, his genitals were twisted to reduce blood flow.Template:Sfn The recipient was then asked if he consented to the procedure, and if he answered yes the knifer excised the genitals with a single cut.Template:Sfn Styptic powder was then applied to the wound to stop bleeding, and a pewter needle or spigot was inserted into the urethra to prevent stenosis (narrowing).Template:Sfn

Some Chinese emasculates were the great historian Sima Qian; Cao Teng, the foster grandfather of Cao Cao; Zheng He, a Ming dynasty admiral of the imperial navy who sailed to Africa; and the surviving sons and grandson of rebel Yaqub Beg.<ref>Template:Cite book Template:Cite book</ref>

West AsiaEdit

To create eunuchs for the Arab slave trade, young black boys from South East Africa typically had their penis and scrotum amputated.Template:Sfn White boys, by comparison, were usually only castrated.Template:Sfn

ReligiousEdit

SkoptsyEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}}

File:Skoptsy man and woman.jpg

Emasculated Skoptsy male (left) and Skoptsy female with breasts cut off (right)

Emasculation was one form of genital mutilation practiced by the Skoptsy, a Russian Christian sect. For males, the other form of mutilation available was castration. Females could remove their nipples, breasts, labia majora, labia minora or clitoris.Template:Sfn These practices may have begun sometime during the 1760s, after the sect was founded by Kondratii Selivanov, although they were only discovered by the broader community in 1772.Template:Sfn They continued up until the 1930s, when the sect was destroyed and its members sentenced.Template:Sfn

The Skoptsy practiced genital mutilation because they believed the genitals were the source of original sin, and that by removing them, they could attain salvation.Template:Sfn The aim of removing the offending genitalia was to purify the body.Template:Sfnm Their belief was based on a literal reading of the verse of Matthew 19:12, which states: "There are some eunuchs, which were so born from their mother's womb: and there are some eunuchs, which were made eunuchs of men: and there be eunuchs, which have made themselves eunuchs for the kingdom of heaven's sake."Template:Sfn In addition, the verses of Matthew 18:8,9 and Luke 23:29 were also cited as support.Template:Sfn Of the two types of genital mutilation available to men, emasculation was called the Greater Seal. Castration, by comparison, was called the Lesser Seal.Template:Sfnm Emasculation was preferable because it rendered a recipient physically incapable of engaging in sinful sexual conduct, allowing them to attain a higher level of purity.

Originally, the emasculation procedure was performed by burning the testicles off with an iron.Template:Sfnm Later, the genitals were tied at the base and removed using a knife or razor blade. The wound was then cauterised, or a salve was applied, to prevent bleeding. Many Skoptsy were peasants and were familiar with animal husbandry, which meant their emasculation procedures were often performed with "surgical precision."Template:Sfn In some instances, members of the Skoptsy would perform the emasculation on themselves, in an act of self-surgery, though it was more typical for the procedure to be performed by an elder during a ceremony.Template:Sfn

HijraEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Throughout the Indian subcontinent tradition, including India, Bangladesh and Pakistan, some members of the Hijra community reportedly undergo emasculation, or nirvan.Template:Sfnm

Traditionally, emasculation was a rite of passage into the Hijra community.Template:Sfnm Today it remains an important ritual, though is not mandatory or universally practiced.Template:Sfnm When it is performed, it typically occurs several years after an individual has already participated within the Hijra community. While some Hijra are emasculated, others are intersex, undeveloped in puberty or impotent.Template:Sfnm

Whether or not a Hijra undergoes emasculation is influenced by a range of considerations. Some people are not emasculated because they are fearful of surgical complications, are under financial constraints, or merely as a matter of personal choice.Template:Sfnm For Muslim Hijra, emasculation may be avoided due to the belief that genital mutilation goes against Allah's will.Template:Sfn Others see emasculation as necessary in order to be 'reborn' as a Hijra. In this view, emasculated Hijra are seen as more 'real' than those who are not.Template:Sfnm The decision to be emasculated may also be motivated by personal beliefs about whether a Hijra can have spiritual powers without undergoing the procedure. Amongst members of the Hijra community, this issue is subject to considerable debate.Template:Sfn

In the past, the emasculation procedure was performed by barbers or by the individual themselves (i.e. self-emasculation).Template:Sfn Nowadays, the operation is performed by a Hijra elder, also called a dai ma (midwife).Template:Sfnm They have no medical training, but believe they operate with the power of the patron goddess, Bahuchara Mata.Template:Sfn The operation takes place early in the morning, around 3Template:Nbspa.m. or 4Template:Nbspa.m.Template:Sfn Anesthesia is not administered. Template:Sfn The penis and testes are tied together with a string, and the elder then makes two diagonal cuts with a sharp surgical knife to completely excise the organs.Template:Sfnm The elder allows the blood to gush from the wound, which is considered necessary to completely cleanse the recipient of their male parts. This is one reason why the procedure is performed by an elder rather than a medical professional, who might try to stop the haemorrhage, thus interfering with the ritual's cleansing effect.Template:Sfnm Afterwards, no stitches are taken and the wound is left exposed, although a small stick is inserted into the urethra to prevent urethral stricture.Template:Sfn

PunishmentEdit

Ancient ChinaEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Emasculation was one of the Five Punishments used in ancient China.Template:Sfn It was the prescribed punishment for people who engaged in licentious conduct, such as infidelity or rape.Template:Sfnm The first evidence of its use dates to the Shang dynasty (1700–1100 BC), when the characters for a knife and male genitalia were carved into oracle bones. It continued up until the Sui dynasty (581–618 CE), when it was formally abolished.Template:Sfn

EuropeEdit

Template:See also

Self-inflictedEdit

Mental disorderEdit

There are reports of self-emasculation cases resulting from mental disorder. Some academics claim that a majority of self-emasculations are a result of psychosis,Template:Sfnm although this finding has been challenged.Template:Sfn Nonetheless, there are several reported cases of people with schizophrenia engaging in self-emasculation. Template:Sfnm

It has been linked to other mental disorders such as dissociative identity disorder.Template:Sfnm

Klingsor<ref>https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/a624/e99d66d95c8d2d3bb663b459212b32422189.pdf</ref> syndrome (sometimes known as Skotpic syndrome) is a condition where people mutilate their genitals as a result of psychotic religious delusions. Template:Sfnm For example, in one case a person is reported to have mutilated his genitals after experiencing auditory hallucinations telling him he would only be allowed into the kingdom of heaven if he emasculated himself.Template:Sfn

Body integrity dysphoria, or xenomelia, is another mental disorder that may drive a person to seek emasculation.Template:Sfnm People with this disorder are distressed by the presence of a limb that they do not identify as part of their body, including the genitals. Emasculation in this context alleviates their distress, enabling them to become 'whole'.Template:Sfn However, the amputation of healthy limbs by medical professionals is highly controversial. The inability to acquire medically administered emasculation has driven some to self-emasculation.Template:Sfnm

Occasionally, self-emasculation is practiced by those suffering from gender dysphoria.Template:Sfn When compared with the general population, transgender persons are at a higher risk of engaging in acts of genital self-mutilation, including self-emasculation.Template:Sfn

In some cases, a person with a mental illness has emasculated other people.Template:Sfn

TransgenderEdit

Template:See alsoEmasculation occurs voluntarily within the transgender community as a form of gender reassignment surgery, allowing recipients to renounce their masculine characteristics and bring their body into closer alignment with their identified gender. It may be sought by trans women (those assigned male at birth who identify as female), who wish to assume their femininity, or by non-binary transgender individuals (those assigned male at birth who identify as neither male nor female), who want to locate themselves outside of traditional gender categories.Template:Sfnm

For trans women, emasculation surgery may be performed with or without the creation of a vagina. When a vagina is created, the procedure is called a vaginoplasty,Template:Sfnm and where it is not, the procedure is called a vulvoplasty.Template:Sfn

For non-binary transgender people, the purpose of emasculation is to make the body less congruent with one's assigned sex without the subsequent assumption of femininity. Template:Sfn These individuals may identify as non-binary, a third-sex, eunuch, or another gender. Some adopt the term 'nullo', meaning someone whose gender has been nullified.Template:Sfn

Involuntary or accidentalEdit

In some circumstances, a person may be emasculated involuntarily as the result of an accident,Template:Sfnm as part of a ritual attack,Template:Sfnm or due to poor circumcision practice.Template:Sfn

In these cases, the objective of medical treatment is different than for cases of voluntary emasculation. The goals of treatment are to either reattach the severed genitals or to reconstruct an artificial penis and testes.Template:Sfn

From 1960 to 2000, involuntarily emasculated infants were surgically reassigned female, similar to the treatment received by David Reimer after his penis was burnt off during a circumcision procedure. It is now understood from cases like Reimer's that gender reassignment surgery in infancy can interfere with gender identity formation. Therefore, gender reassignment is no longer the standard practice for involuntarily emasculated infants.Template:Sfnm

Other meaningsEdit

Template:Sister project

By extension, the word emasculation has also come to mean rendering a male less masculine, including by humiliation. It can also mean to deprive anything of vigour or effectiveness. This figurative usage has become more common than the literal meaning. For example: "William Lewis Hughes voted for Folkestone's amendment to Curwen's emasculated reform bill, 12 June 1809 ... "<ref>Thorne R. (1986) History of Parliament online. Accessed 12 April 2017</ref>

In horticulture, the removal of male (pollen) parts of a plant, largely for controlled pollination and breeding purposes, is also called emasculation.Template:Sfn

NotesEdit

Template:Reflist

ReferencesEdit

Template:Male genital procedures