Eucryphia

Eucryphia is a small genus of trees and large shrubs native to the south temperate regions of South America and coastal eastern Australia, mainly Tasmania. Sometimes placed in a family of their own, the Eucryphiaceae, they are placed by more recent classifications in the Cunoniaceae. There are seven species,<ref name = "POWO">Template:Cite POWO</ref> two in South America and five in Australia, and several named hybrids.

Description

They are mostly evergreen though one species (E. glutinosa) is usually deciduous.<ref>Alvarez, C., Acevedo Tapia, M. A., González Ortega, M. P., Dumroese, R. K., Cartes Rodríguez, E. J., & Quiroz Marchant, I. (2019). "Field Establishment Techniques for Guindo Santo, an Endemic Species from Central Chile."</ref>

The leaves are opposite, and either simple or pinnate with 3-13 leaflets. The flowers are produced in late summer or autumn, are showy and sweetly scented, 3–6 cm diameter, with four creamy-white petals, and numerous stamens and styles. The fruit is a woody capsule 1-1.5 cm long containing several seeds, and maturing in 12–15 months.

Etymology

The generic name Eucryphia is composed of two parts, namely eu- and -cryphia. The Greek ευ-κρυφαιος means well-covered and refers to the foliage, which is clustered towards the apex of branches.<ref>Gledhill, D. (2008). "The Names of Plants." p. 159. Cambridge University Press.</ref>

Species

Extant species

• Eucryphia cordifolia Cav. – Valdivian temperate rain forests of southern Chile and Argentina. A tree growing up to 40 m tall; leaves simple, crenate to serrated, evergreen, 3–7 cm long. Its wood is used for construction, furniture and lumber, and its nectar for honey.
• Eucryphia glutinosa (Poepp. & Endl.) Baill. – Valdivian temperate rain forests of southern Chile. A large shrub to 7 m tall; leaves pinnate, with 3-5 leaflets, serrated, deciduous or semi-evergreen, 3–6 cm long.
• Eucryphia jinksii P.I.Forst. – subtropical New South Wales & Queensland mountain rainforests endemic, Australia. A tree to 25 m tall; leaves simple or with 3 leaflets, entire, evergreen, 5–10 cm long (discovered 1994).<ref name=E.-jinksii-wilkiei-1997-Austrobaileya/>
• Eucryphia lucida (Labill.) Baill. – Tasmania Australia. A tree to 20–30 m tall; leaves simple, entire, evergreen, 3–7 cm long. Common name is Tasmanian leatherwood and it is a major commercial source of monofloral honey.
• Eucryphia milliganii Hook.f. (syn. E. lucida var. milliganii). – Tasmania Australia. A tree to 6 m tall or more often a shrub; leaves simple, entire, evergreen, 1.5–3 cm long.
• Eucryphia moorei F.Muell. – New South Wales, Victoria temperate rainforests, Australia. Also known as pinkwood, eastern leatherwood or plumwood, is a tree to 30 m tall; leaves pinnate, with 7-15 leaflets, entire, evergreen, 6–12 cm long.
• Eucryphia wilkiei B.Hyland – Queensland wet tropics mountain top cloud forests endemic, Australia, is a large shrub.<ref name=E.-jinksii-wilkiei-1997-Austrobaileya/><ref name="RFK8"/> Discovered in Jan. 1970 by Jack (John H.) Wilkie.<ref name=E.-jinksii-wilkiei-1997-Austrobaileya/>

Extinct species

• Eucryphia falcata (Late Palaeocene, Lake Bungarby)<ref name=Hill-1991/>
• Eucryphia microstoma (Early Eocene, Regatta Point)<ref name=Hill-1991/>
• Eucryphia aberensis (Middle to Late Eocene, Loch Aber).<ref name=Hill-1991/>

Natural hybrids

There are two known natural hybrids, although additional, artificial hybrids have been created. However, these are not naturally occurring.

• Eucryphia × hybrida J.Bausch - natural hybrid of E. lucida and E. milliganii native to Tasmania<ref>Template:Cite POWO</ref>
• Eucryphia × nymansensis J.Bausch - natural hybrid of E. cordifolia and E. glutinosa native to Chile<ref>Template:Cite POWO</ref>

Artificial hybrids and cultivars

(those marked Template:Smallcaps have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

• E. × intermedia (E. glutinosa × E. lucida)
  • E. × intermedia 'Rostrevor'Template:Smallcaps<ref name=Rostrevor/>
• E. × hillieri (E. moorei × E. lucida): Developed from a self-sown seedling at the nursery of Hillier & Sons, Chandlers Ford in Hampshire around 1953.<ref name=Willis-1966/>
• E. × nymansensis (E. cordifolia × E. glutinosa)
  • E. × nymansensis 'Nymansay'Template:Smallcaps<ref name=Nymansay/> originated from Lt. Col. Leonard C.R. Messel's garden at Nymans, Sussex (1913)<ref name=Willis-1966/>
  • E. × nymansensis 'Nymans Silver' is a sport discovered at Nymans, Sussex in 2005. It is a variegated form with serrated oval leaves that are outlined in creamy white. It was discovered growing on a E. × nymansensis within the garden. It is considered to be faster growing and more columnar in nature. The name 'Nymans Silver' was proposed by Philip Holmes, Deputy Head Gardener at Nymans.' [1]
• E. 'Penwith' (E. cordifolia × E. lucida)
• E. × hybrida (E. glutinosa × E. lucida)

Uses

The species and their hybrids are attractive small trees for gardens, typically with a slender conic crown when young, though widening with age. They are valued for their conspicuous scented flowers, produced in late summer and autumn when few or no other trees are in flower. Cultivation is restricted to areas with mild winters, cool summers and good rainfall; away from their native areas, this restricts them to the Atlantic coastal regions of Europe, the Pacific Northwest of North America, and New Zealand.

Honey

The nectar of two of the species provides an important sources of honey. Eucryphia lucida from Tasmania is the main source of a very distinctively flavoured honey known as Leatherwood (the common name for the species). Some of this honey may come from the other Tasmanian species, E. milliganii. In Chile, Ulmo honey (again after the local species name) comes from E. cordifolia. Leatherwood honey and Ulmo honey are very similar in flavour, even though the two species have probably been separated for more than 45 million years.

External links

• Eucryphia occurrence data from GBIF
• Eucryphia in Encyclopedia of the Chilean Flora
• Pictures of Eucryphia cordifolia and Eucryphia glutinosa in Chile.