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Michaelmas (Template:IPAc-en Template:Respell; also known as the Feast of Saints Michael, Gabriel, and Raphael, the Feast of the Archangels, or the Feast of Saint Michael and All Angels) is a Christian festival observed in many Western Christian liturgical calendars on 29 September, and on 8 November in the Eastern Christian traditions. Michaelmas has been one of the four quarter days of the English and Irish financial, judicial, and academic year.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
In the Christian angelology of some traditions, the Archangel Michael is considered as the greatest of all the angels; being particularly honored for defeating the devil in the war in heaven.<ref>Template:Citation</ref>
HistoryEdit
The name Michaelmas comes from a shortening of "Michael's Mass", in the same style as Christmas (Christ's Mass) and Candlemas (Candle Mass, the Mass where traditionally the candles to be used throughout the year would be blessed).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
During the Middle Ages, Michaelmas was celebrated as a Holy Day of Obligation, but this tradition was abolished in the 18th century.<ref name=Holweck>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In medieval England, Michaelmas marked the ending and beginning of the husbandman's year, George C. Homans observes: "at that time harvest was over, and the bailiff or reeve of the manor would be making out the accounts for the year."<ref>George C. Homans, English Villagers of the Thirteenth Century, 2nd ed. 1991:354.</ref>
Because it falls near the equinox, this holy day is associated in the northern hemisphere with the beginning of autumn and the shortening of days. It was also one of the English, Welsh, and Irish quarter days, when accounts had to be settled. On manors, it was the day when a reeve was elected from the peasants.<ref name=Johnson>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Michaelmas hiring fairs were held at the end of September or beginning of October.<ref name=Taylor>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The day was also considered a "gale day" in Ireland when rent would be due, as well as a day for the issuing or settling of contracts or other legal transactions.<ref name=":0">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
CelebrationEdit
On the Isle of Skye, Scotland, a procession was held.<ref name=Holweck/> One of the few flowers left around at this time of year is the Michaelmas daisy (also known as asters). Hence the rhyme: "The Michaelmas daisies, among dead weeds, Bloom for St Michael's valorous deeds ..."<ref name=Taylor/>
In Ireland, (Template:Langx), pilgrimages to holy wells associated with St Michael took place, with pilgrims taking a drink from the holy water from the well. The greeting "May Michaelmas féinín on you" was traditional. Boys born on this day were often christened Michael or Micheál. In Tramore, County Waterford, a procession with an effigy of St Michael, called the Micilín, was brought through the town to the shore to mark the end of the fishing season. In Irish folklore, clear weather on Michaelmas was a portent of a long winter, "Michaelmas Day be bright and clear there will be two 'Winters' in the year."<ref name=":0" />
FoodEdit
A traditional meal for the day includes goose known as a stubble-goose (one prepared around harvest time, fattened on the stubble fields)<ref name=bbc>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=":2">Template:Cite book</ref> also known as an embling or rucklety goose.<ref name=":1">Template:Cite book</ref> There was a saying that "if you eat goose on Michaelmas Day you will never lack money all year".<ref name=":2" /> Tenant farmers sometimes presented the geese to their landlords, as could be stipulated in their tenancy agreements. The custom dates to at least the 15th century, and was easily continued as geese are in their prime at Michaelmas time.<ref name=":2" />
One association of geese with Michaelmas comes from a legend in which the son of an Irish king choked on a goose bone he had eaten, and was then brought back to life by St. Patrick. The king ordered the sacrifice of a goose every Michaelmas in honour of the saint. The Irish Michaelmas goose was slaughtered and eaten on the day; they were also presented as gifts or donated to the poor. In parts of Ireland sheep were also slaughtered with tradition of the "St. Michael's portion" donated to the poor. Poultry markets and fairs took place to sell geese as well as mutton pies.<ref name=":0"/> In Ulster, it was traditional for tenants to present their landlord with a couple of geese, a tradition dating back to Edward IV. There were differing methods across Ireland for cooking the goose, most generally using a heavy iron pot on an open hearth. In Blacklion, County Cavan, the goose was covered in local blue clay and placed at the centre of the fire until the clay broke, indicating the goose was cooked.<ref name=":1"/>
Another legend surrounding the origin of the Michaelmas goose is that Queen Elizabeth I was eating a goose on the holiday when she heard of the defeat of the Spanish Armada, and thus proclaimed that geese should be eaten by everyone each year in commemoration of the victory. This falls apart when the date (geese and Michaelmas were connected at least a century earlier, if not longer) and the timing of the battle (August) are considered.<ref name=":2" />
The custom of baking a special bread or cake, called {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ({{#invoke:IPA|main}}), St. Michael's bannock, or Michaelmas bannock, on the eve of the Feast of Saint Michael, the Archangel, probably originated in the Hebrides. The bread was made from equal parts of barley, oats, and rye without using any metal implements.<ref name=cooks>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }} </ref> In remembrance of absent friends or those who had died, special Struans, blessed at an early morning Mass, were given to the poor in their names.<ref> {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}
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Nuts were traditionally cracked on Michaelmas Eve.<ref> Template:Cite news
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Folklore in the British Isles suggests that Michaelmas day is the last day that blackberries can be picked. It is said that when St. Michael expelled the devil, Lucifer, from heaven, he fell from the skies and landed in a prickly blackberry bush. Satan cursed the fruit, scorched them with his fiery breath, stamped, spat, and urinated on them, so that they would be unfit for eating. As it is considered ill-advised to eat them after 11 October (Old Michaelmas Day according to the Julian Calendar), a Michaelmas pie is made from the last of the season.<ref name=bbc/> In Ireland, the soiling of blackberries is also attributed to a púca.<ref name=":0"/>
Differences in number of archangelsEdit
In the Roman Catholic Church on 29 September three Archangels are celebrated: Saint Michael, Saint Gabriel, and Saint Raphael. Their feasts were unified in one common day during the second half of the 20th century. In the time before their feasts were: 29 September (only St Michael), 24 March for St Gabriel,<ref>Butler's Lives of the saints, vol. 1, edited by Herbert Thurston and Donald Attwater, Christian Classics, 1981 Template:ISBN</ref> and 24 October for St Raphael.<ref>Calendarium Romanum (Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 1969), p. 143)</ref>
In the Lutheran, as well as in the Anglican/Episcopalian traditions, there are three to four archangels in their calendars for the 29 September feast for St. Michael and All Angels: namely Michael (Jude 1:9) and Gabriel (Daniel 9:21),<ref name="Blersch2019">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Raphael (Tobit 12:15) and sometimes Uriel (2 Esdras 4:1 and 2 Esdras 5:20).Template:Efn-ua<ref name="TLC2023">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=Tristam>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }} Also here</ref><ref>Episcopal Church, Standing Liturgical Commission. The proper for the lesser feasts and fasts: together with the fixed holy days, Church Hymnal Corp., 1988, Template:ISBN. p. 380</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Autumn term in universitiesEdit
{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Michaelmas is used in the extended sense of autumn, as the name of the first term of the academic year, which begins at this time, at various educational institutions in the United Kingdom, Ireland and those parts of the Commonwealth in the northern hemisphere.<ref name=Johnson/> These include the universities of Cambridge, London, Durham, Lancaster, Oxford, Swansea, and Dublin. However, the ancient Scottish universities used the name Martinmas for their autumn term, following the old Scottish term days.<ref>"Semester dates" University of St. Andrews</ref>
Use by legal professionEdit
The Inns of Court of the English Bar and the Honorable Society of King's Inns in Ireland also have a Michaelmas term as one of their dining terms. It begins in September and ends towards the end of December.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The term is also the name of the first of four terms into which the legal year is divided by the courts of Ireland<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }} Also here</ref> and England and Wales.<ref>Template:Citation</ref>
In the United Kingdom, the United States and Ireland, a Red Mass is traditionally convened on the Sunday closest to Michaelmas, in honor of and to bless lawyers and judges.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
While terms are not used by most courts in the United States, where court calendars are usually continuous and year-round, the U.S. Supreme Court operates on an annual term and roughly follows the English custom by beginning that term on the first Monday in October, a few days after Michaelmas.<ref>Template:Citation</ref>
Modern observancesEdit
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Because Saint Michael is the patron of police officers, Michaelmas may also see a Blue Mass.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Lutheran Christians consider it a principal feast of Christ.Template:Fact
Michaelmas is still celebrated in Waldorf schools. Rudolf Steiner considered it the second most important festival after Easter. The celebration of this holiday teaches the importance of facing fears and strengthening resolve. As the first festival of the new school year, it is celebrated with an all-school play, in which each class assumes a role, such as peasants, townspeople, nobles, etc. Students assume a new role as they pass from grade to grade, and it becomes something of a rite of passage.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In the City of London, Michaelmas is the day when the new Lord Mayor of London is elected, in the Common Hall.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In Mifflin County, Pennsylvania, Michaelmas has been observed since 1786 as Goose Day. Local tradition holds that eating goose on 29 September will bring prosperity. The Juniata River Valley began celebrating this version of Michaelmas when a Pennsylvania Dutchman named Andrew Pontius moved his family to neighboring Snyder County to farm. When his farm prospered, he decided to hire a tenant farmer to help. On his way to Lancaster to hire a German immigrant, he stopped in Harrisburg for the night where he met a young Englishman named Archibald Hunter, who was offered the job. The contract that was drawn for employment contained a clause specifying their accounts were to be settled each year on the traditional day to do so, 29 September. When that day came, Hunter appeared at Pontius' door with his accounts and a goose, explaining that in England, eating a goose on 29 September brought good luck. The tradition spread to nearby Lewistown, Pennsylvania, where it is still honored today with many local restaurants and civics groups offering goose dinners, local festivals, and other county-wide activities. In honor of the holiday, painted fiberglass goose statues can be found throughout the county all year long.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Old Michaelmas DayEdit
Old Michaelmas Day falls on 11 October (10 October according to some sources – the dates are the result of the shift from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar so the gap widens by a day every century except the current one). It is said that the Devil fell out of Heaven on this date, and fell into a blackberry bush, cursing the fruit as he fell. According to an old legend, blackberries should not be picked after this date (see above). In Yorkshire, it is said that the devil spat on them. According to Morrell (1977), this old legend is well known in all parts of Great Britain, even as far north as the Orkney Islands. In Cornwall, a similar legend prevails; however, the saying goes that the devil urinated on them.<ref name=Taylor/>
See alsoEdit
ReferencesEdit
NotesEdit
CitationsEdit
Further readingEdit
- Morrell, P. (1977). Festivals and Customs. London: Pan (Piccolo). Template:ISBN