A fore-and-aft rig is a sailing ship rig with sails set mainly in the median plane of the keel, rather than perpendicular to it, as on a square-rigged vessel.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
DescriptionEdit
Fore-and-aft rigged sails include staysails, Bermuda rigged sails, gaff rigged sails, gaff sails, gunter rig, lateen sails, lug sails, tanja sails, the spanker sail on a square rig, and crab claw sails.
Fore-and-aft rigs include:
- Rigs with one mast: the proa, the catboat, the sloop, the cutter
- Rigs with two masts: the ketch, the yawl
- Rigs with two or more masts: the schooner
Barques and barquentines are partially square rigged and partially fore-and-aft rigged.
A rig which combines both on a foremast is known as a hermaphroditic rig.
HistoryEdit
AustronesiaEdit
{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} The fore-and-aft rig is believed to have been developed independently by the Austronesian peoples some time after 1500 BC with the invention of the crab claw sail. It is suggested that it evolved from a more primitive V-shaped "square" sail with two spars that come together at the hull. Crab claw sails spread from Maritime Southeast Asia to Micronesia, Island Melanesia, Polynesia, and Madagascar via the Austronesian migrations.<ref name="Campbell"/> Austronesians in Southeast Asia also later developed other types of fore-and-aft sails, such as the tanja sail (also known as the canted square sail, canted rectangular sail, or the balance lug sail).<ref name="Campbell">Template:Cite journal</ref>
Their use later spread into the Indian Ocean since the first millennium, among vessels from the Middle East, South Asia, and China.<ref name=Hobson>Hobson, John M. The Eastern Origins of Western Civilisation. Cambridge University Press,2004, p. 58, Template:ISBN, Template:ISBN "</ref><ref name="Agius">Template:Cite book</ref>
EuropeEdit
The lateen was developed in the Mediterranean as early as the 2nd century AD, during Roman times. It became common by the 5th century.<ref name="Whitewright 2012">Template:Cite journal</ref>
The square rig had predominated in Europe since the dawn of sea travel, but in the generally gentle climate of southern Europe and the Mediterranean Sea during the last few centuries before the Renaissance the fore-and-aft began to replace it. By 1475, its use increased, and within a hundred years the fore-and-aft rig was in common use on rivers and in estuaries in Britain, northern France, and the Low Countries, though the square rig remained standard for the harsher conditions of the open North Sea as well as for trans-Atlantic sailing.
See alsoEdit
ReferencesEdit
External linksEdit
Template:Sailing Vessels and Rigs Template:Sail Types Template:Ancient seafaring