A talking stick, also called a speaker's staff,<ref name=wade>Wade 31</ref> is an instrument of Indigenous democracy used by a number of Indigenous communities, especially those in the Pacific Northwest nations of North America. The talking stick may be passed around a group, as multiple people speak in turn, or used only by leaders as a symbol of their authority and right to speak in public.<ref name=w295>Werness 295</ref>
Akan chiefs in Western Africa have a tradition of speaker's staffs capped with gold-leafed finials. These emerged in the 19th century as a symbol of the holder's power.<ref name=w295/>
Pacific Northwest Coast artEdit
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Among many of the Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest, talking sticks are carved wooden staffs, which can either bear a single crest at the top or be fully carved with heraldic clan crests of the chief or hereditary political spokesman.<ref name=wade/> The staffs can include shell inlay.<ref name=w295/> The staffs resemble small totem poles and are still used ceremonially today.<ref name=s41>Stewart and Tait 41</ref> At gatherings, especially potlatches, a chief or their designated speaker holds the talking stick and makes announcements.<ref name=s41/><ref>Shearer 103</ref> The speaker thumps the stick on the ground for emphasis.<ref name=s41/> In some situations, a feather has been used as a stand-in for the talking stick.<ref>Shearer 46</ref>
Talking sticks are a contemporary Northwest Coast art form with great symbolic importance. Tsimshian woodcarver David A. Boxley was commissioned to sculpt a crown of a talking stick for the 1990 Goodwill Games, that incorporated symbolism of the United States and Russia. This staff was carried from Spokane, Washington to Oregon and on to Seattle, Washington by participating athletes.<ref>"Artist's Profile." David Boxley. (retrieved 27 Oct 2011)</ref> Talking sticks are also incorporated into totem poles. In 1988 Kwakwaka'wakw Richard Hunt carved the world's largest totem pole featuring a Cedar Man wielding a 4.3 meter (14 foot) tall talking stick.<ref>Stewart and Tait 115</ref><ref>"Cedar Man Holding Talking Stick – Richard Hunt 1988." Cowichan Valley Travel, Tourism and Photography Information. retrieved 27 Oct 2011</ref> Representations of chiefs are carved in totem poles carrying talking sticks as well as coppers.<ref>Stewart and Tait 141</ref>
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ReferencesEdit
- Shearer, Cindy. Understanding Northwest Coast Art: A Guide to Crests, Beings, and Symbols. Vancouver: Douglas & McIntyre, 2000. Template:ISBN.
- Stewart, Hillary and Norman Tait. Looking at Totem Poles. Vancouver: Douglas & McIntyre, 1993. Template:ISBN.
- Wade, Edwin L. The Arts of the North American Indian: Native Traditions in Evolution. Hudson Hills, 1995. Template:ISBN.
- Werness, Hope B. Continuum Encyclopedia of Native Art. Continuum International Publishing Group, 2003. Template:ISBN.