Geoffrey Vickers

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Colonel Sir Charles Geoffrey Vickers, VC (13 October 1894 – 16 March 1982) was an English lawyer, administrator, writer and pioneering systems scientist. He had varied interests with roles at different times with the London Passenger Transport Board, Law Society, Medical Research Council and Mental Health Research Fund. In the later years he wrote and lectured on social systems analysis and the complex patterns of social organisation. The Sir Geoffrey Vickers Memorial Award has been presented by the International Society for the Systems Sciences since 1987 in his memory.

He was awarded the Victoria Cross in World War I while serving in The Sherwood Foresters, and was knighted following World War II, during which he served as Deputy Director General at the Ministry of Economic Warfare, in charge of economic intelligence and as a member of the Joint Intelligence Committee.

BiographyEdit

Early lifeEdit

Geoffrey Vickers was born and grew up in Nottingham, where his father Charles Henry Vickers ran a successful lace business, Vickers & Hine Ltd.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> He described his first day of school as "school introduced me to the anguish reserved both for the non-conformist who wishes to conform and the awkward who long to excel in dexterity".<ref name=MF/> He attended Bramcote, a preparatory school near Scarborough and then Oundle School; a public school before entering Merton College, Oxford where he briefly studied Classics from 1913 until the start of war.<ref name="MCreg">Template:Cite book</ref>

He later described his home as "a place of unalloyed happiness. The only stresses of the time came from the external world of school or the internal world of awakening conflict and confusion ... I remember nothing desired that was satisfied by spending money of mine and nothing that was denied for lack of money ... we moved by bicycle and bus, played in each other's gardens and stayed in farmhouses". He described his father as "the best and most lovable man I ever knew; and he seemed to combine the two superlatives without the slightest effort".<ref name=MF/>

World War IEdit

File:Captain Charles Geoffrey Vickers.jpg

Vickers during the war.

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Photo submitted by Martin Hornby - (Gallaher Cigarette Cards).

His education was interrupted by World War I. He and his brother William Burnell Vickers volunteered for service in the army. Geoffrey joined the Sherwood Foresters (7th Robin Hood Battalion) and was in France before the end of 1914<ref name=MF>Template:Cite book</ref> first as a second lieutenant, promoted to temporary captain in 1915 and then to major and as second in command, 1 Bn, The Lincolnshire Regiment in 1918.Template:Sfn Explaining his thoughts about going to war, he later wrote

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He was awarded the Victoria Cross (VC) for action in October 1915 and the Croix de Guerre (Belgium) in 1918.<ref name=MCreg /><ref name="OO 71">Biographical History Reprint from the Institute of Internal Studies, University of California Berkeley. Also includes photocopy of the article taken from "Human Relations". Volume 24, number 5, 1971.</ref> The citation for his VC, appearing in The London Gazette in November 1915, reads as follows:

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His brother Burnell was killed in action on 21 June 1917 while serving with the 184th Siege Battery of the Royal Garrison Artillery.<ref>CWGC entry</ref>Template:Sfn

In June 1918 he commanded a composite battalion in the Second Battle of the Marne for which he was awarded the Belgian Croix de Guerre.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn

Inter-war yearsEdit

After the war he returned to Oxford and took a pass degree in French, European history and law in 1919.<ref name=MCreg /> He qualified as a solicitor in 1923 and by 1926 he was a partner in the leading London law firm of Slaughter and May. He specialised in the legal aspects of large financial operations, many of which had international dimensions. In 1930 he was one of the first to take the five-day Imperial Airways commercial flight from the UK to India<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> and during the 1930s he was also involved in negotiating the extension of the German debt.<ref name=RtF7>Template:Cite book</ref>

In 1938 he established and chaired the 'Association for Service and Reconstruction.<ref name=RtF7/> The above initiative put him in touch with a number of people who met regularly in a group called 'The Moot' that also included Joe Oldham, Karl Mannheim, Reinhard Niebuhr, Paul Tillich, John Middleton Murry, T. S. Eliot, Michael Polanyi, Sir Walter Moberly and Adolph Lowe. The Moot itself grew out of a conference on Church, Community and State held in Oxford in 1937.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

World War IIEdit

Vickers served in World War II; he was re-commissioned as a colonel, and was seconded as Deputy Director General at the Ministry of Economic Warfare, in charge of economic intelligence.<ref name=MCreg /> From 1941 to 1945 he was a member of the Joint Intelligence Committee of the Chiefs of Staff.<ref name="BL">VICKERS, Col Sir (Charles) Geoffrey (1894–1982) Template:Webarchive British library of political and economical science, retrieved 2007.</ref>

He was also a member of the London Passenger Transport Board (1942–46) and of the Council of Law Society (1938–50).<ref name=MCreg /><ref name="BL"/>

AfterwardsEdit

After the war, Vickers had a successful career in management and administration before becoming a prolific writer and speaker on the subject of social systems analysis and the complex patterns of social organisation. He wrote many books including The Art of Judgement, Freedom in a rocking Boat and Human Systems are Different. He introduced the concept of 'Appreciative Systems' to describe human activity. His work was taken up by researchers at the Open University in particular.

From 1946 to 1948 he was also first Legal Advisor to the National Coal Board. At the time of creation on 1 January 1947 when some 750,000 workers from 800 different private companies<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }} Template:Dead link</ref> became part of the largest employer in the western world<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> where he worked alongside E. F. Schumacher.<ref name = "OO 71"/> Afterwards he became a member of National Coal Board in charge of manpower, training, education, health and welfare (1948–55).

From 1952 until 1960 he was member of the Medical Research Council and was chairman of the Research Committee of Mental Health Research Fund from 1951 to 1967.<ref name=MCreg /><ref name="BL"/> In 1977 he was president of the Society for General Systems Research, now the International Society for the Systems Sciences.

Between 1955 and 1958 he took part in the 'Round Table on Man and Industry', a project sponsored by the School of Social Work at the University of Toronto, the conclusions of which were published in The Undirected society.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> On the inside jacket cover he muses 'The Industrial band-wagon rolls ever faster onwards, remaking the world we live in and with it ourselves. Are we in the driving seat or merely passengers – or even under the wheels? What part does human decision making play in directing or controlling the process?'.

His second wife, and close companion, died in 1972. His manuscripts for 'Western Culture and Systems Thinking' and 'Autonomy and Responsibility' were constantly rejected for publication.<ref name=RtF14>Template:Cite book</ref>

In 1977 he moved to a retirement home, on the same street in Goring-on-Thames on which he had lived for many years.<ref name=RtF14/>

Geoffrey died in 1982; however, the influence for his work is still alive. The International Society for the Systems Sciences presents the Sir Geoffrey Vickers Memorial Award each year in his memory.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> His military medals were left to the Sherwood Foresters Collection and are on display in Nottingham Castle.<ref name=wfrm/> His papers relating to systems thinking are archived at the Open University.<ref name=Archive/>

Systems practiceEdit

In the later years Vickers wrote and lectured on the subject of social systems analysis and the complex patterns of social organisation. His work was taken up by researchers at the Open University in particular.<ref name=Archive>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Vickers is regarded as a systems practitioner rather than an academic. He introduced the concept of appreciative systems to describe human activity. He recognised that appreciation of systems requires the participation of not only the observer, but also that of the subject.Template:Citation needed

Appreciative systems and appreciative behaviourEdit

Much of his work is devoted to the analysis of judgement in terms of what he called 'appreciative behaviour': this is described most effectively in The Art of Judgement (1965). He believed that social institutions are best analysed as systems, and his published work, notably Human Systems are Different (1983), made far-reaching contributions to systems thinking in its applications to human society.<ref name = "OO 71"/>

Vickers coined the term "appreciative system" in his 1968 article "Science and the Appreciative System" to refer to "the activity of attaching meaning to communication or the code by which we do so".<ref>Vickers, "Science and the Appreciative System", in: Human Relations.(1968); 21: 99-119</ref> In "Human Systems are Different" (1983) Vickers explained:

I find it surprising that we have no accepted word to describe the activity of attaching meaning to communication or the code by which we do so, a code which is constantly confirmed, developed or changed by use. I have for many years referred to this mental activity as "appreciation'; and to the code which it uses, as its "appreciative system'; and to the state of that code at any time as its "appreciative setting'. I call it a system because, although tolerant of ambiguity and even inconsistency, it is sensitive to them and tries to reconcile them.<ref>Vickers 1983, p. 43</ref>

In a 1978 interview Vickers added:

I'm interested in Systems from the personal up to the very large, human, social systems, I'm also interested in systems of concepts and values through which we see all the others which I call appreciative systems.<ref>Open University interview with Vickers filmed in 1978 - Video Clip Template:Webarchive Transcript Template:Webarchive</ref>

A response by Peter Checkland in his "Systems Thinking Systems Practice":

Vickers argues that our human experience develops within us 'readiness to notice particular aspects of our situation, to discriminate them in particular ways and to measure them against particular standards of comparison...' These readinesses are organized into an appreciative system which creates for all of us, individually and socially, our appreciated world....The appreciative settings condition new experience but are modified by the new experience. Such circular relations Vickers takes to be the common facts of social life, but we fail to see this clearly, he argues, because of the concentration in our science-based culture on linear causal chains and on the notion of goal-seeking.
Vickers suggests replacing the goal-setting and goal-seeking with feedback models in which personal, institutional or cultural activity consists in maintaining desired relationships and eluding undesired ones. The process is a cyclical one which operates like this: Our previous experiences have created for us certain 'standards' or 'norms', usually 'tacit' (and also, at a more general level, 'values', more general concepts of what is humanly good and bad); the standards, norms and/or values lead to readiness to notice only certain features of our situations, they determine what 'facts' are relevant; the facts noticed are evaluated against the norms, a process which leads to our taking regulatory action and modifies the norms or standards, so that future experiences will be evaluated differently.<ref>Peter Checkland "Systems Thinking Systems Practice" (p. 262)</ref>

Geoffrey Vickers continued corresponding with Peter Checkland in the years before Vickers' death and discussed the relationship between systems ideas and real-world experience. From those discussions Checkland created the model of the appreciative process, that may be used as a basis for making sense of the world we live in. Checkland (2004) worked on numerous examples to demonstrate the way in which the model may be applied in very different situations.<ref>Peter Checkland (2004), "Webs of significance: the work of Geoffrey Vickers" in: Systems Research and Behavioral Science, Vol 22, Is 4, pp. 291-298.</ref>

Moral and political philosophyEdit

Geoffrey Vickers' perspectives on moral and political philosophy can be presented through three key terms:<ref>Garrath Williams (2004), "Geoffrey Vickers: philosopher of responsibility", in: Systems Research and Behavioral Science, Vol 22, Is 4, pp. 291-298.</ref>

Our human capacity to respond aptly to our situation;
The analysis of modern society in terms of institutions; and
The moral importance of responsibility to the maintenance of human culture and cooperation