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Tsat, also known as Utsat, Utset, Hainan Cham, or Huihui (Template:Zh), is a tonal Austronesian language spoken by 4,500 Utsul people in the Huihui and Huixin villages near the city of Sanya in Hainan, China. Tsat is a member of the Malayo-Polynesian group within the Austronesian language family, and is one of the Chamic languages originating on the coast of present-day Vietnam. It is thus closely related to Acehnese, Cham and Jarai.
PhonologyEdit
ConsonantsEdit
- Sounds /ts, s/ may also be pronounced as [tɕ, ɕ] when before /i/.
VowelsEdit
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | |
| Mid | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link |
| Open | Template:IPA link Template:IPA link |
- Final glide sounds [j, w] may also occur as a realization of /i/, /u/ at the end of falling diphthongs.<ref>Thurgood & Li (2014)</ref>
TonogenesisEdit
Hainan Cham tones correspond to various Proto-Chamic sounds.<ref name="Thurgood 1993">Template:Cite book</ref>
| Tone value (Hainan Cham) |
Type of tone (Hainan Cham) |
Proto-Chamic final sound |
|---|---|---|
| 55 | High | *-h, *-s; PAN *-q |
| 42 | Falling | *-p, *-t, *-k, *-c, *-ʔ Voiceless final: voiced stop / affricate (pre-)initialTemplate:Efn *-ay, *-anTemplate:Efn |
| 24 | Rising | *-p, *-t, *-k, *-c, *-ʔ Voiceless final: default |
| 11 | Low | Vowels and nasals, *-a:s Voiced final: voiced stop / affricate (pre-)initialTemplate:Efn |
| 33 | Mid | Vowels and nasals, *a:s Voiced final: default |
HistoryEdit
Unusually for an Austronesian language, Tsat has developed into a tonal language, probably as a result of areal linguistic effects and contact with the diverse tonal languages spoken on Hainan including Sinitic languages such as Hainanese and Standard Chinese, Tai–Kadai languages such as the Hlai languages, and Hmong–Mien languages such as Kim Mun.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
NotesEdit
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ReferencesEdit
- Template:Cite book
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External linksEdit
- {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}
Template:Languages of China Template:Chamic languages Template:Nuclear Malayo-Polynesian languages