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Protectorate General to Pacify the East

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Template:Short description Template:Chinese Template:Manchurian History

The Protectorate-General to Pacify the East (Template:Zh) was an administrative division of the Chinese Tang dynasty in Manchuria and the northern part of the Korean Peninsula. It was established after the Tang dynasty defeated Goguryeo and annexed its territories. In the Baekje and Goguryeo domains, the Tang dynasty created the Protectorate General to Pacify the East and the Ungjin Commandery. A proposal to set up the Great Commandery of Gyerim by the Emperor Gaozong of Tang to King Munmu of Silla was refused.

HistoryEdit

File:Tang-Korean wars.png
Goguryeo-Tang wars.

After the Tang dynasty conquered Goguryeo in 668, the Protectorate General to Pacify the East, otherwise known as the Andong Protectorate, was created in Pyongyang and supposedly stationed with 200,000 soldiers. The protectorate was divided into 9 commanderies, 42 prefectures, and 100 counties with an estimated 697,000 Goguryeo households.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn

In 669 the people of Goguryeo revolted in response to Tang governance. In response the Tang forcibly deported tens of thousands of households and resettled them in empty areas south of the Changjiang (Yangtze) and Huai River, each in contemporary China. The weak and poor were left behind and assigned to guard duty in service of the protectorate.Template:Sfn Different numbers of households are given by various sources. According to the Samguk Sagi citing Chinese sources, the Zizhi Tongjian says 38,200 households, the Old Book of Tang and Tongdian say 28,200, and the New Book of Tang says 30,000. The Samguk Sagi says 38,300.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Mark Cartwright gives a number of 200,000 people forcefully resettled including the king.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Wang Zhenping gives a figure of 78,000 households.Template:Sfn

From 670 to 675, Goguryeo loyalists aligned with Silla launched offensives against the Tang Chinese on all fronts within and outside the Protectorate. Aided by Silla, Goguryeo generals such as Go Yeonmu and Geom Mojam reclaimed parts of former Goguryeo territories after winning several decisive battles in Ogol, Gaedonyang, and Paeseo. For instance, Go Yeonmu, led a counter-offensive against the Tang armies in Liaodong alongside the Sillan general Seol Oyu in 670, defeating the Tang armies stationed in the area and occupying it briefly until 674.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Originally Emperor Taizong of Tang promised to exchange Baekje and the lands south of Pyongyang in return for Silla's military cooperation. However Taizong died before the conquest of Goguryeo was completed, and his successor Gaozong reneged on the promise.Template:Sfn

In 671, Sillan forces drove out the Tang.Template:Sfn In 675 the Tang attacked Silla and defeated them in Gyeonggi.Template:Sfn In response Munmu of Silla dispatched a tributary mission to Tang with apologies. Gaozong accepted Munmu's apologies and withdrew Tang troops to deal with the Tibetan threat in the west. Seeing the Tang's strategic weakness, Silla renewed the advance on Tang territory.Template:Sfn Silla took all the territory south of the Taedong River in a series of battles in 676.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

By 676 the Tang were forced to relocate the protectorate seat to the more easily defendable city of Liaoyang.<ref name="Liaoxin">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn

In 677 the seat was moved to Xincheng, in modern Fushun, Liaoning.<ref name="Liaoxin"/>Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn

The deposed Bojang of Goguryeo was designated "Liaodong Commander King of Joseon" (Template:Korean) in 667. Upon arriving in Liaodong, he plotted with the Mohe people to revive Goguryeo. News of his intentions reached the Tang, and Bojang was banished to southwestern China in 681.Template:Sfn

In 714, the seat was moved to Pingzhou, in modern Lulong County, Qinhuangdao, Hebei.<ref name="Pingliao">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn

In 736, the Tang formally recognized Silla's control of Korea south of the Taedong River.Template:Sfn In 743, the seat was moved to the Old City of Liaoxi, possibly Ying Prefecture (modern Chaoyang, Liaoning).<ref name="Pingliao"/>Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn

The Protectorate General to Pacify the East, otherwise known as the Andong Protectorate, was abandoned in 756 or ended in 761.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn

List of protector generalsEdit

File:统一新罗图(Unified Silla).jpg
The Andong protectorate, above Unified Silla
File:Tang Protectorates.png
Map of the six major protectorates during Tang dynasty. The Protectorate General to Pacify the East is marked as Andong (安东都护府).
  • Wei Zhe (668–669)
  • Xue Rengui (669–670) – 안동도호부사/安東都護府使
  • Gao Kan (670–676)
  • Bojang of Goguryeo (677–681) – (Hangul : 요동주도독 조선왕 Hanja:遼東州都督朝鮮王) and (Hangul : 조선군왕 Hanja:朝鮮郡王)
  • Qu Tuquan (681–685)
  • Xue Ne (685–696) 薛訥 – 安東道經略 안동도경락 – also military commander of Youjou
  • Pei Xuangui (696–698) 裴玄珪
  • Go Deokmu (698–699) (Hangul : 고덕무 Hanja: 高德武), Son of Bojang – 안동도독/安東都督
  • Tang Xiujing (704–705) 唐休璟
  • Pei Huaigu (712) 裴懷古
  • Sun Jian (712) 孫儉
  • Shan Sijing (713) 單思敬
  • Xu Qincou (714) 許欽湊
  • Xu Qindan (714) 許欽澹
  • Zhang Shuo (715–719) 張說
  • Xue Tai (720–725) 薛泰
  • Li Jiao (727–732) 李璬
  • Pei Min (733–741) 裴旻
  • Jia Xun (742–755) 賈循
  • Wang Xuanzhi (756–758) 王玄志
  • Hou Xiyi (758–761) 侯希逸

Administrative areaEdit

Administratively, it was intended to oversee nine commanderies, 42 prefectures (later decreased into 14) and 100 counties.

Nine commanderiesEdit

14 prefectures (州)Edit

See alsoEdit

ReferencesEdit

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BibliographyEdit

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