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Callistemon

Article Discussion
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Template:Short description Template:Use dmy dates Template:Use Australian English Template:Automatic taxobox

Callistemon Template:IPAc-en<ref>Sunset Western Garden Book, 1995:606–607</ref> is a genus of shrubs in the family Myrtaceae, first described as a genus in 1814.<ref>Brown, Robert. 1814. Voyage to Terra Australis 2(App. 3): 547</ref> The entire genus is endemic to Australia but widely cultivated in many other regions and naturalised in scattered locations.<ref name=KWCSP>Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families</ref> Their status as a separate taxon is in doubt, some authorities accepting that the difference between callistemons and melaleucas is not sufficient for them to be grouped in a separate genus.

DescriptionEdit

Callistemon species have commonly been referred to as bottlebrushes because of their cylindrical, brush like flowers resembling a traditional bottle brush. They are mostly found in the more temperate regions of Australia, especially along the east coast and typically favour moist conditions so when planted in gardens thrive on regular watering.Template:Citation needed However, two species are found in Tasmania and several others in the south-west of Western Australia. At least some species are drought-resistant and some are used in ornamental landscaping elsewhere in the world.Template:Citation needed

File:Bottlebrush seeds.jpg
Bottlebrush seed capsules
File:Bottlebrush03.jpg
Callistemon citrinus
File:Callistemon pallidus1.jpg
Callistemon pallidus
File:Callistemon.jpg
Callistemon viminalis
File:Callistemon viminalis in an Adelaide garden.JPG
Callistemon viminalis in suburban Adelaide, South Australia.
File:C viminalis3.jpg
Callistemon viminalis
File:Bottlebrush or Little John -- Dwarf Callistemon.jpg
Bottlebrush or Little John -- Dwarf Callistemon

TaxonomyEdit

The Latin name Callistemon comes from the combination of 2 Greek words of 'callis' meaning beauty and 'stemon' meaning stamen, referring to the flowers of the plant.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The genus Callistemon was first formally described in 1814 by Robert Brown.<ref name=APNI>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Brown, Robert (1841) General remarks, geographical and systematical, on the botany of Terra Australis. Appendix III (pp. 537-612) in Flinders, A Voyage to Terra Australis, Volume II; London: G. and W. Nicol, 1841. Also pp. 1–89 in Bennett, John Joseph (ed.) The Botanical works of Robert Brown; London: Robert Hardwick for The Ray Society, 1866. Callistemon is defined on p. 547 of Flinders [1] [2] and p. 19 of Bennett [3].</ref> In his description he noted that the genus includes “those species of Metrosideros that have inflorescence similar to that of Melaleuca, and distinct elongated filaments.”<ref name="APNI" /> Carl Linnaeus had described the genus Melaleuca in 1767<ref name=APNI(2)>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and in 1867, George Bentham brought all the Metrosideros species into Melaleuca. Bentham described melaleucas as having stamens united in bundles opposite the (five) petals.<ref name=Bentham>Template:Cite book</ref>

In his 1864 description of Callistemon salignus in Fragmenta phytographiae Australiae, Ferdinand von Mueller noted that the difference between the genera was “entirely artificial” (“omnino artificiale").<ref name=Mueller>Template:Cite book</ref> George Bentham also noted in Flora Australiensis that Callistemon “passes gradually into Melaleuca, with which F. Mueller proposes to unite it.”<ref name=Bentham(2)>Template:Cite book</ref> In 1876, Henri Ernest Baillon proposed in Histoire des Plantes that Callistemon, as well as Calothamnus and Lamarchea be merged into Melaleuca.<ref name=Baillon>Template:Cite book</ref>

Nevertheless, most authors had preserved the distinction between the two genera Callistemon and Melaleuca until 1998. In that year, in recognition of the fact that the callistemons and melaleucas on New Caledonia were clearly related, Lyndley Craven and J.W. Dawson transferred the callistemons on that island to Melaleuca, even though some (e.g. Melaleuca pancheri) do not have stamens fused in 5 groups.<ref name="Brophy" />

On the basis of DNA evidence,<ref name=Edwards>Template:Cite Q</ref> in 2006<ref name=Craven(1)>Template:Cite journal</ref> and 2009<ref name=Craven(2)>Template:Cite journal</ref> Craven moved all but four callistemons to melaleuca. Those four were Callistemon forresterae, Callistemon genofluvialis, Callistemon kenmorrisonii and Callistemon nyallingensis which were regarded as being hybrids.<ref name=Brophy>Template:Cite book</ref>

The new description of Melaleuca has been accepted by some herbaria but not all. For example, the Queensland Herbarium accepts Melaleuca flammea (synonym Callistemon acuminatus)<ref name=Queensland>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> but the New South Wales Herbarium accepts Callistemon acuminatus.<ref name=RBGS>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 2012, Frank Udovicic and Roger Spencer transferred the newly described species of melaleuca with separate stamens (e.g. Melaleuca megalongensis and Melaleuca wimmerensis) to Callistemon (hence Callistemon megalongensis and Callistemon wimmerensis). Their argument is that using the DNA evidence is premature.<ref name=Brown>Template:Cite journal</ref> They further argue that if all the genera Beaufortia, Callistemon, Calothamnus, Conothamnus, Eremaea, Melaleuca, Phymatocarpus were combined (as Craven has suggested),<ref name=Cowley>Template:Cite journal</ref> then there would be no characteristics that would define the group.<ref name="Muelleria">Template:Cite journal</ref>

Use in horticultureEdit

Many commercial nurseries continue to use the name ‘’Callistemon’’. These species can be propagated either by cuttings (some species more easily than others), or from the seeds.<ref name=ANPSA(2)>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Flowering is normally in spring and early summer (October–December), but conditions may cause flowering at other times of the year. The obvious parts of the flower masses are stamens, with the pollen at the tip of the filament; the petals are inconspicuous (see picture). Flower heads vary in colour with species; most are red, but some are yellow, green, orange, pink or white. Each flower head produces a profusion of triple-celled seed capsules around a stem (see picture) which remain on the plant with the seeds enclosed until stimulated to open when the plant dies or fire causes the release of the seeds. A few species release the seeds annually.<ref name=Wrigley>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name=ANBG>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Bottlebrush plants can be grown in pots.<ref name=ANPSA>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

They have been grown in Europe since a specimen of Callistemon citrinus was introduced to Kew Gardens in London by Joseph Banks in 1789.<ref name=Curtis>Template:Cite book</ref>

Selected speciesEdit

There are about 50 species of callistemon.<ref name="ANBG" /> They include:<ref name="APNI" /> Template:Div col

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GalleryEdit

  • Callistemon -- Dwarf Bottlebrush or Little John.jpg

    Callistemon "Little John" or dwarf bottlebrush - a Callistemon cultivar

  • Bottlebrush (Callistemon) bud.jpg

    Foreground: Bottlebrush buds. Background: Partial blooming bottlebrush flower.

  • Blooming bottlebrush (Callistemon) found in Kelantan, Malaysia.JPG

    Blooming bottlebrush found in Kelantan, Malaysia.

  • Bottlebrush (Callistemon).jpg

    Bottlebrush flower partial blooming found in Kelantan, Malaysia.

  • Red bottlebrush tree in Florida crop.jpg

    Tree in bloom in Florida.

  • Goupillon epicier.jpg

    Illustration showing bottle brushes, the eponym of the plant

  • Callistemon Bottlebrush.jpg

    Callistemon Bottlebrush

See alsoEdit

ReferencesEdit

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External linksEdit

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