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Luganville is the second largest city in Vanuatu after the capital Port Vila; it is located on the island of Espiritu Santo and has a population of 18,062 as of the 2020 census.<ref name=2020census/> Those on Vanuatu's northern islands who regard Luganville as their big city, particularly indigenous populations, call it Santo; rural residents of Espiritu Santo call it Kanal (from the former French name "Canal du Segond").<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Luganville served as a major base of operations for American troops during World War II.<ref name=stone/>
Boulevard Higinson, the main street that runs through Luganville, contains mainly tourist boutiques and general stores.<ref name=arrivalguides>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> During WWII, the Americans used the Espiritu Santo as a military base; as a result of the occupation, Boulevard Higinson is unusually wide, as a base commander insisted that four tanks should be able to drive along the road simultaneously.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> At one end of Higinson is the port, one of two main ports for the island.<ref name=stone>Template:Cite book</ref>
HistoryEdit
World War IIEdit
During World War II, the American military erected two bases on two islands of what is now Vanuatu (a British-French colony known then as New Hebrides), one of which being Espiritu Santo.<ref name=historynet>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> A village of small, spaced-out communities was established into one city: Luganville.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Base Button is the largest U.S. base in the South Pacific, covering 38 miles, and was used mainly for maintenance and supply storage.<ref name=historynet/><ref name=wrecks>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=stone/> Luganville was a major part of preparing American units for the Guadalcanal campaign.<ref name=bases>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Four airfields were built; Palikulo Bay Airfield, Turtle Bay Airfield, and Luganville Airfield no longer exist, but the Bomber 3 was turned into Santo-Pekoa International Airport.<ref name=stone/><ref name=wrecks/><ref name=bases/> Other facilities built were five military hospitals, Luganville Seaplane Base, Pontoon Wharf, a floating drydock, and thousands of Quonset huts.<ref name=stone/><ref name=bases/>
Luganville is home to the South Pacific WWII Museum dedicated to preserving the history of World War II across the South Pacific region initiated in 2012 by the mayor Peter Sakita.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
IndependenceEdit
By the second half of the 20th century, Luganville was largely French-speaking and initially resisted the attempts to gain independence leading up to its declaration on July 30, 1980.<ref name=stanley>Template:Cite book</ref> French troops initially attempted to quash the flag-raising in Luganville, but returned to France in August instead.<ref name=rnz>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Some unrest arose between political parties vying for power, but has since been largely peaceful.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name=divetourism/>
PopulationEdit
As of the 2016 census, 98.7% of Luganville was of Melanesian and/or Ni-Vanuatu descent.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Those of non-Melanesian descent are a minority and are European, other Pacific Islander, and Asian peoples.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Part of the city is formed by squatted informal settlements such as La Milice, Mango, Pepsi, Rowok, Sarakata and St Michel. Mango was first settled by Vietnamese migrants who constructed shelters out of scrap metal left behind by the United States Army. The Vietnamese were repatriated in the 1960s and it was then occupied by Ni-Vanuatu migrants.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Economy and infrastructureEdit
Luganville's economy suffered after Vanuatu declared independence in 1980.<ref name=stanley/> It has a strong tourist industry, namely in the areas of World War II artifacts and scuba diving (SS President Coolidge is a popular site as are the coral reefs), and is a destination for many cruise lines.<ref name=divetourism>Template:Cite journal</ref> Its other main industries are agriculture, cattle, and offshore financial services.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The market along Boulevard Higinson is popular for its inexpensive food.<ref name=youth/>
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Northern Provincial Hospital is one of two main referring hospitals on Espiritu Santo and serves people from other northern islands in Vanuatu as well as its own residents.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Luganville is home to Vanuatu Health Training Institute, one of the two medical training schools on the island, but there are not enough graduates to prevent a shortage of medical professionals.<ref name=hr>Template:Cite report</ref> Though medical expenses make up 50% of the government's budget, the hospital still relies heavily on donations.<ref name=hr/><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
There are six main banking organizations in Luganville: Reserve Bank of Vanuatu, Wanfuteng Bank, the National Bank of Vanuatu, Bank South Pacific, BRED Bank, and ANZ Bank.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Broadband internet was not available in Luganville until late 2006.<ref name=youth>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
TransportationEdit
Luganville is one of Vanuatu's busiest ports, especially as a transshipment point for copra, coconut oil, and cacao.<ref name=canal/><ref name=youth/> Canal du Segond, the body of water separating the main island and Luganville from Aore Island, provides the town with an excellent sheltered harbour.<ref name=canal>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The town is served by Santo-Pekoa International Airport, the second largest airport in Vanuatu.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The city is also serviced by a number of taxis, buses, and public transport trucks.<ref name=youth/>
ClimateEdit
Luganville features a tropical rainforest climate (Af) under the Köppen climate classification. The town features relatively constant temperatures year-round, with average temperature hovering around Template:Convert. Average precipitation is roughly Template:Convert annually.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Template:Weather box
Twin towns – sister citiesEdit
Luganville is twinned with:
- Template:Flagicon - Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
- Template:Flagicon - Mont-Dore, New Caledonia<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
- Template:Flagicon - Honiara, Solomon Islands<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
- Template:Flagicon - Port Vila, Vanuatu<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
- Template:Flagicon - Honolulu, Hawaii, United States<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- Template:Flagicon - Wanshan Archipelago, Guangdong, China<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- Template:Flagicon - Bundaberg, Australia<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>