Template:Short description In grammar, the lative (Template:IPAc-en Template:Respell; abbreviated Template:Sc) is a grammatical case which indicates motion to a location.<ref name="PanuMäkinen--AdvCases" /> It corresponds to the English prepositions "to" and "into". The lative case belongs to the group of the general local cases together with the locative and separative case. The term derives from the Latin lat-, the fourth principal part of ferre, "to bring, carry".
The lative case is typical of the Uralic languages and it was one of the Proto-Uralic cases. It still exists in many Uralic languages, such as Finnish, Erzya, Moksha, and Meadow Mari.
It is also found in the Dido languages, such as Tsez, Bezhta, and Khwarshi, as well as in the South Caucasian languages, such as Laz or Lazuri (see Laz grammar).
FinnishEdit
In Finnish, the lative case is largely obsolete. It still occurs in various adverbs: alas, alemmas, "down, further down", kauas, kauemmas "(moving) far away, farther away", pois "(going) away", and rannemmas "towards and closer to the shore" (derives from 'ranta' [shore]). The lative suffix is usually -s.<ref name="PanuMäkinen--AdvCases">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In modern Finnish, it has been superseded by a more complicated system of locative cases and enclitics, and the original -s has merged with another lative or locative suffix and turned into the modern inessive, elative, illative and translative suffixes.
Meadow MariEdit
In Meadow Mari, the usage of the lative is restricted compared to that of the illative case. Whereas the illative can be used freely in connection with verbs indicating motion into/to/towards something, the lative occurs typically with only a smaller number of such verbs. Some examples of these are: кодаш kodaš "to remain, to stay", шинчаш šinčaš "to sit down", шочаш šočaš "to be born", сакаш sakaš "to hang up, to hang on", пышташ põštaš "to put, to place", кушкаш kuškaš "to grow (intransitive)". In many cases, both the illative and the lative cases can be used with a verb. Note that some of the verbs, such as шочаш or кушкаш, do not indicate motion towards a place.<ref name="Mari: An Essential Grammar for International Learners">Template:Cite book File:CC-BY-SA icon.svg Text was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported license.</ref>
The lative case in Meadow Mari can also fulfill a few auxiliary functions. It can indicate the cause for an action or under what circumstances the action takes place:<ref name="Mari: An Essential Grammar for International Learners" /> Template:Fs interlinear
A noun in the lative can express a period of time in which something (repeatedly) takes place:<ref name="Mari: An Essential Grammar for International Learners" /> Template:Fs interlinear
A noun in the lative can be used to indicate how someone or something is regarded, for what they are held:<ref name="Mari: An Essential Grammar for International Learners" /> Template:Fs interlinear
A noun in the lative can express by what means something is transferred, relocated, or undergoes a change.<ref name="Mari: An Essential Grammar for International Learners" /> Template:Fs interlinear
TsezEdit
In the Northeast Caucasian languages, such as Tsez, the lative also takes up the functions of the dative case in marking the recipient or beneficent of an action. By some linguists, they are still regarded as two separate cases in those languages although the suffixes are exactly the same for both cases. Other linguists list them separately only for the purpose of separating syntactic cases from locative cases. An example with the ditransitive verb "show" (literally: "make see") is given below:
The dative/lative is also used to indicate possession, as in the example below; there is no such verb for "to have":
The dative/lative case usually occurs, as in the examples above, in combination with another suffix as poss-lative case; it should not be regarded as a separate case, as many of the locative cases in Tsez are constructed analytically. They are actually a combination of two case suffixes. See Tsez language#Locative case suffixes for further details.
Verbs of perception or emotion (like "see", "know", "love", "want") also require the logical subject to stand in the dative/lative case, note that in this example the "pure" dative/lative without its POSS-suffix is used.
Further readingEdit
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ReferencesEdit
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