Precovery

File:Valetudo CFHT precovery 2003-02-28 annotated.gif

The Jupiter moon Valetudo was first discovered in 2017, but a number of precovery images have been identified since, including this one taken on 28 February 2003 by the Canada–France–Hawaii Telescope, in which Valetudo's position is marked by the two orange bars.

In astronomy, precovery (short for pre-discovery recovery)<ref name="McNaught" /><ref name="AANEAS" /> is the process of finding the image of a celestial object in images or photographic plates predating its discovery, typically for the purpose of calculating a more accurate orbit. This happens most often with minor planets, but sometimes a comet, a dwarf planet, a natural satellite, or a star is found in old archived images; even exoplanet precovery observations have been obtained.<ref name="HST-exoplanet" /> "Precovery" refers to a pre-discovery image; "recovery" refers to imaging of a body which was lost to our view (as behind the Sun), but is now visible again (also see lost minor planet and lost comet).

Orbit determination requires measuring an object's position on multiple occasions. The longer the interval between observations, the more accurately the orbit can be calculated; however, for a newly discovered object, only a few days' or weeks' worth of measured positions may be available, sufficient only for a preliminary (imprecise) orbit calculation.

When an object is of particular interest (such as asteroids with a chance of impacting Earth), researchers begin a search for precovery images. Using the preliminary orbit calculation to predict where the object might appear on old archival images, those images (sometimes decades old) are searched to see if it had in fact already been photographed. If so, a far longer observation arc can allow a far more precise orbital calculation.

Until fast computers were widely available, it was impractical to analyze and measure images for possible minor planet discoveries because this required much human labor. Usually, such images were made years or decades earlier for other purposes (studies of galaxies, etc.), and it was not worth the time it took to look for precovery images of ordinary asteroids. Today, computers can easily analyze digital astronomical images and compare them to star catalogs containing up to a billion or so star positions to see if one of the "stars" is actually a precovery image of the newly discovered object. This technique has been used since the mid-1990s to determine the orbits of many minor planets.

Examples

In an extreme case of precovery, an object was discovered on December 31, 2000, designated Template:Mpl, and a near-Earth orbit was calculated. Precovery revealed that it had previously been discovered on February 23, 1950 and given the provisional designation 1950 DA, and then been lost for half a century. The exceptionally long observation period allowed an unusually precise orbit calculation, and the asteroid was determined to have a small chance of colliding with the Earth. After an asteroid's orbit is calculated with sufficient precision, it can be assigned a number prefix (in this case, (29075) 1950 DA).

The asteroid 69230 Hermes was found in 2003 and numbered, but was found to be a discovery from 1937 which had been named "Hermes", but subsequently lost; its old name was reinstated. Centaur 2060 Chiron was discovered in 1977, and precovery images from 1895 have been located.<ref name=jpl-chiron />

Another noteworthy case of precovery concerns Neptune. Galileo observed Neptune on both December 28, 1612 and January 27, 1613, when it was in a portion of its orbit where it was nearly directly behind Jupiter as seen from Earth. Because Neptune moves very slowly and is very faint relative to the known planets of that time, Galileo mistook it for a fixed star, leaving the planet undiscovered until 1846. He did note that the "star" Neptune did seem to move, noting that between his two observations its apparent distance from another star had changed. However, unlike photographic images, drawings such as those Galileo made are usually not precise enough to be of use in refining an object's orbit. In 1795, Lalande also mistook Neptune for a star.<ref name="Price-Handbook" /> In 1690, John Flamsteed did the same with Uranus, even cataloging it as "34 Tauri".

One of the most exceptional suggested instances is related to the discovery of Ganymede. This again involved Galileo, who is usually stated to have discovered it in 1610. It has been postulated by Xi Zezong that Ganymede was discovered by the Chinese astronomer Gan De in 365 B.C., when he catalogued it as a small red star next to Jupiter during naked eye observation.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Dwarf planets

Discovery and precovery dates for well-known dwarf planets, minor planets and probable dwarf planets:

Index	Object	Discovery year	Precovery year	Years elapsed	Absolute magnitude
2	Pallas	1802	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	23	4.13
134340	Pluto	1930	1909<ref name="Wild-1998" />	21	-0.7
19521	Chaos	1998	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	7	5.0
20000	Varuna	2000	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	46	3.76
38628	Huya	2000	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	4	5.04
78799	Template:Mpl-	2002	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	13	5.5
28978	Ixion	2001	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	19	3.6
55637	Template:Mpl-	2002	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	11	3.87
50000	Quaoar	2002	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	48	2.82
307261	Template:Mpl-	2002	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	48	3.7
55565	Template:Mpl-	2002	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	5	3.5
	Template:Mpl	2002	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	12	5.42
174567	Varda	2003	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	23	3.1
84922	Template:Mpl-	2003	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	12	4.1
208996	Template:Mpl-	2003	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	7	3.54
455502	Template:Mpl-	2003	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	49	4.38
90377	Sedna	2003	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	13	1.83
444030	Template:Mpl-	2004	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	22	4.4
230965	Template:Mpl-	2004	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	15	4.1
90568	Template:Mpl-	2004	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	50	4.25
90482	Orcus	2004	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	53	2.2
175113	Template:Mpl-	2004	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	12	4.54
120347	Salacia	2004	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	22	4.36
120348	Template:Mpl-	2004	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	21	4.52
136108	Haumea	2004	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	49	0.2
145451	Template:Mpl-	2005	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	29	4.4
145452	Template:Mpl-	2005	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	51	3.89
202421	Template:Mpl-	2005	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	15	3.4
136199	Eris	2005	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	51	-1.17
136472	Makemake	2005	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	50	-0.3
470308	Template:Mpl-	2007	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	23	4.49
229762	Gǃkúnǁʼhòmdímà	2007	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	25	3.69
225088	Gonggong	2007	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	22	1.8
523671	Template:Mpl-	2013	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	12	4.1
472271	Template:Mpl-	2014	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	11	5.2
523794	Template:Mpl-	2015	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	11	3.6
	Template:Mpl	2018	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	15	3.5

Oort cloud comets

Oort cloud comets can take 10+ years going from Neptune's orbit at Template:Convert to perihelion (closest approach to the Sun). As modern survey archives reach fainter magnitudes and are more comprehensive, significant precovery images have become easier to locate.

Oort Cloud Comets

Comet	Discovery date	Precovery date	Discovery distance from Sun (AU)	Precovery distance from Sun (AU)	Ref
C/2010 U3 (Boattini)	2010-10-31	2005-11-05	18.4	25.8	Template:JPL
C/2012 S1 (ISON)	2012-09-21	2011-09-30	6.3	9.4	Template:JPL
C/2013 A1 (Siding Spring)	2013-01-03	2012-10-04	7.2	7.9	Template:JPL
C/2017 K2 (PANSTARRS)	2017-05-21	2013-05-12	16.1	23.7	Template:JPL

See also

• Discovery image
• DANEOPS

External links

• SkyMorph GSFC