Venceslaus Ulricus Hammershaimb

File:Faroe stamp 048 europe (v u hammershaimb).jpg

Faroe Islands stamp honoring Venceslaus Ulricus Hammershaimb

Venceslaus Ulricus Hammershaimb ({{#invoke:IPA|main}}, {{#invoke:IPA|main}}; March 25, 1819 – April 8, 1909)<ref name="geni" /> was a Faroese Lutheran minister who established the modern orthography of FaroeseTemplate:Sndthe language of the Faroe IslandsTemplate:Sndbased on the Icelandic language, which like Faroese, derives from Old Norse.

Background

Hammershaimb was born in Sandavágur on the island of Vágar in the Faroe Islands. He was a Lutheran parish priest in Kvívík and a rural dean in Nes on the Faroese island of Eysturoy before settling in Denmark in 1878. In addition to his contributions to the written standard of Faroese, he was also a known folklorist. During the years 1847–1848, and again in 1853, he returned to the Faroe Islands to study the dialects and to collect the native ballads and folklore, which he published in 1851–1855 under the title of Færöiske Kvæder. In 1854, he published a grammar of Faroese.<ref name=Nordic1463>Oskar Bandle et al., The Nordic Languages: An International Handbook of the History of the North Germanic Languages, volume 2, Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft 22.2, Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 2005, Template:ISBN, p. 1463.</ref>

Faroese language

At one point, the language spoken in the Faroe Islands was Old West Norse, which Norwegian settlers had brought with them.<ref name=langs>Faroese 101: History at 101Languages.net</ref> Between the 9th and the 15th centuries, a distinct Faroese language evolved, although it was still intelligible to speakers of Old West Norse. It would have been closely related to the Norn language of Orkney and Shetland. However, for some 300 years until the 19th century, under the dual kingdom of Denmark–Norway, Danish was the language of religion, education, and administration in the Faroe Islands.<ref name=langs/>

Hammershaimb created his spelling system for Faroese in 1846.<ref name=omni>Faroese (Føroyskt) at Omniglot: Writing Systems & Languages of the World</ref> It was etymological, with the vowels based on written Icelandic, rather than phonetically descriptive (as in, for example, Welsh). For instance, the letter eth (Ð ð) has no phonemes attached to it.<ref name=langs/> In this, Hammershaimb had accepted the advice of the Icelandic independence leader Jón Sigurðsson, who had seen the manuscript for his {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ("Notes with Respect to Faroese Pronunciation"); Hammershaimb considered that, despite its artificiality, this was the only approach that would overcome the problems of differing dialects in the islands.<ref name=Nordic1463/><ref name=Nordic1415>Bandle et al., p. 1415.</ref> Hammershaimb's orthography met with some opposition for its complexity. In 1889, Jakob Jakobsen proposed modifying Hammershaimb's system to bring it closer to the spoken language, but a committee charged with considering the proposal in 1895 advocated only minor revisions, and the bulk of Hammershaimb's orthography remained in force.<ref name=Nordic1415/> In 1886–1891, Hammershaimb published his principal work, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}; it incorporated an account of the islands and their inhabitants, a variety of prose and verse in the Faroese language, and a grammar, andTemplate:Sndin the second volumeTemplate:Snda lexicon by Jakobsen.

Literature in Faroese

A new national written literature in Faroese became possible only after the language's orthography was normalized. Its development was promoted by nationalist agitation, which hastened the restoration of the Faroese Parliament in 1852 and the end of the Danish royal trade monopoly in 1856. During the late 19th century, modern Faroese literature began to appear and the first Faroese newspaper, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, appeared in 1890.<ref name=omni/> Faroese literature came into its own after the turn of the 20th century. After World War II, Faroese became the official language of the Faroe Islands.<ref name=langs/>

Works

• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}. Annaler for nordisk Oldkyndighed og Historie 1846, pp. 358–365.
• Færöiske Kvæder. 2 vols. Det Nordiske Literatur-Samsfund. Nordiske Oldskrifter 12, 20. Copenhagen: Berlings, 1851, 1855
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}. Annaler for nordisk Oldkyndighed og Historie 1854
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}. 2 vols. Volume 1 Tekst samt historisk og grammatisk Indledning. Volume 2 Ordsamling og Register, ed. Jakob Jakobsen. Samfund til Udgivelse af gammel nordisk Litteratur 15. Copenhagen: Møller, 1886, 1891.

Other sources

• Lockwood, W. B. An introduction to modern Faroese. Copenhagen: Munksgaard, 1964

External links

• Færøsk Anthologi I by V.U. Hammershaimb (Volume 1), online at archive.org
• Færøsk Anthologi II by V.U. Hammershaimb (Volume 2 ed. Jakob Jakobsen), online at archive.org
• Færöiske Kvæder, ed. V.U. Hammershaimb, online at GoogleBooks Template:In lang
• Færøsk Anthologi by V.U. Hammershaimb (2 volumes, Volume 2 ed. Jakob Jakobsen), online at GoogleBooks