Ionisation (Varèse)

Template:Short description Template:Italic title Template:Infobox musical composition Ionisation (1929–1931) is a musical composition by Edgard Varèse written for thirteen percussionists. It was among the first concert hall compositions for percussion ensemble alone, although Alexander Tcherepnin had composed an entire movement for percussion alone in his Symphony No. 1 from 1927.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> In the journal Tempo, percussionist Brian Holder writes, "The work presented the important notion that unpitched percussion (with piano and other pitched instruments coming in at the end) could stand alone as a serious form of concert music – a relatively unexplored concept at the time."<ref name=":1">Template:Cite journal</ref>

The premiere was at Carnegie Chapter Hall, an annex to New York City's Carnegie Hall, on March 6, 1933, conducted by Nicolas Slonimsky, to whom the piece was later dedicated. One critic described the performance as "a sock in the jaw".<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Music

Ionisation features the expansion and variation of rhythmic cells, and the title refers to the ionization of molecules. As the composer later described, "I was not influenced by composers as much as by natural objects and physical phenomena".<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Varèse also acknowledged the influence of the Italian Futurist artists Luigi Russolo and Filippo Tommaso Marinetti in the composition of this work.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Both Chou Wen-chung<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> and Jean-Charles François<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> have analyzed the structure and timbre features of Ionisation in detail. András Wilheim has noted that only the last 17 measures of Ionisation include musical tones of the "traditional tonal system", where any five successive chords contain the 12 tones of the chromatic scale.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Holder writes, "The reconceptualization of pitch was one of Varèse's great insights. He was able to reinvent the role of concert percussion in a radical and refreshing manner, primarily by establishing pitch relationships between instruments of individually indeterminate pitch... its performance is a reenactment of a great rite of passage for what was then a fresh and previously unrecognized musical ensemble."<ref name=":1" />

Frank Zappa said that Ionisation inspired him to pursue a career in music, and that it was on the first long-playing album he purchased.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Jack Skurnick, director of EMS Recordings, produced early post-war recordings of Varèse; this piece appears on the first Varèse LP, EMS 401: Complete Works of Edgar Varèse, Volume 1. Ionisation had also been the first work by Varèse to be recorded in the 1930s, conducted by Nicolas Slonimsky and issued on 78rpm Columbia 4095M.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name=":0">Template:Cite book</ref> The players for the recording included, in addition to the composer himself on the sirens, Carlos Salzedo on Chinese blocks, Paul Creston on anvils, Wallingford Riegger on guiro, Henry Cowell on piano, and William Schuman on the lion's roar.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Sidney Finkelstein wrote in the EMS LP liner notes about the work: Template:Quote

Instrumentation

The piece is scored for 13 players:<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

1. large Chinese cymbal, very deep bass drum, cowbell
2. gong, high and low tam-tams, cowbell
3. bongos, tenor drum, medium and deep bass drums (laid flat)
4. field drum, tenor drum
5. high siren, lion's roar
6. low siren, whip, güiro
7. 3 Chinese blocks, claves, triangle
8. snare drum without snares, high and low maracas
9. tarole (a kind of piccolo snare drum), snare drum, suspended cymbal
10. clash cymbals, sleigh bells, chimes
11. güiro, castanets, glockenspiel a clavier (with resonators)
12. tambourine, 2 anvils, very deep tam-tam
13. whip, sleigh bells, triangle, piano

See also

• Ballet Mécanique, another early percussion ensemble piece often cited as the first

External links

• Template:IMSLP
• "Records 2 Die 4", review of The Varèse Record in Stereophile magazine
• Template:YouTube
• Template:YouTube, Frank Zappa conducts the San Francisco Contemporary Music Players, War Memorial Opera House, San Francisco, February 9, 1983