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The white hawk (Pseudastur albicollis) is a bird of prey breeding in the tropical New World of the family Accipitridae. Though it is commonly placed in the subfamily Buteoninae, the validity of this group is doubtful and currently under review.
DescriptionEdit
The adult white hawk ranges from Template:Convert long with very broad wings and has a white head, body and underwings. The upper wings are black, and the very short tail is black with a broad white band. The bill is black and the legs are yellow.
The sexes are similar, but females are larger and heavier—Template:Convert compared to the male's Template:Convert. Immature birds have extensive black spotting on the upperparts and dark-streaked whitish underparts.
The call of the white hawk is a plaintive kerwee.
SubspeciesEdit
There are four subspecies:
- Entirely white, except for black markings on the outer primaries, and a black sub-terminal tail bar. The eyes are yellow.
- Similar to ghiesbreghti but with more distinct black markings on the wings and tail. The eyes are brown.
- Wing feathers are more heavily marked with black, and it has black streaks on the crown and collar. The tail band is broader and the eyes are brown.
- Pseudastur albicollis albicollis – Northern Colombia and central Venezuela to Brazil.
- Smaller than the northern forms and the wings are mostly black, with white markings. The black tail band extends to the base of the tail and the eyes are brown.
All subspecies look mainly white from below. The identity of the birds discovered in 2000/2001 in the Serranía de las Quinchas of central Colombia <ref>Laverde-R. et al. (2005)</ref> is unclear.
SystematicsEdit
The white hawk was described by John Latham: in English (1787) as the "white-necked falcon",<ref>Latham (1787), pp. 30–31, species no. 101</ref> and in Latin (1790) as Falco albicollis,<ref>Latham (1790), p. 36, species no. 81</ref> with locality "Cayenne". Around 1850, Edward Blyth created the genus Pseudaster, with "Falco pæcilonotus Cuvier" as the type and "F.skotopterus Pr. Max." as a synonym.<ref>Blyth ("1849" [1852]), p. 24</ref> In his Genera of Birds, Gray treats them both as Buteos, listing B. albicollis in the main text and B. pæcilonotus in the index.
Peters' influential 1931 checklist placed the white hawk in Kaup's genus Leucopternis, listing five subspecies: L. albicollis albicollis, L. a. ghiesbrechti, L. a. costaricensis, L. a. occidentalis, and L. a. polionota.<ref>Peters 1931, vol. 1, pp. 241–242</ref> During the 20th century, some authors treated the grey-backed hawk occidentalis as a subspecies of L. albicollis, whilst others recognized it as a separate species.<ref name="Systematics">Magnier & Schulenberg (2013), section Systematics</ref>
In the first decade of the 2000s Leucopternis was found to be polyphyletic, and in 2012 the American Ornithologists' Union separated the white hawk and its relatives under the old name Pseudaster.<ref>Chesser, et al. (2012)</ref>
DNA analysis found that the subspecies P. a. albicollis is sister to P. a. polionotus, and the trans-Andean P. a. ghiesbreghti and P. a. costaricensis are more closely related to P. occidentalis than they are to P. a. albicollis.<ref name="Systematics"/>
Distribution and ecologyEdit
This is a bird of lowland forest and other woodlands. It ranges from southern Mexico through Central and South America to Peru, Bolivia and Brazil. It also breeds on Trinidad. The white hawk's range in central South America is the entire Amazon basin, from the Andes on the west to the Guianas on the Atlantic on the northeast, and to the transition lands to the south. A widespread species, it is usually not common, but the IUCN considers it not to be globally threatened due to the large extent of its range.<ref name="iucn status 12 November 2021" />
The white hawk feeds mainly on reptiles (such as lizards and snakes, including the eastern coral snake) with some insects (such as beetles and grasshoppers), crabs, amphibians and mammals (including rats, squirrels, small opossums and bats), caught in a sortie from a perch.<ref name="peregrinefund.org">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Ferguson-Lees, J. & Christie, D.A. & Franklin, K. & Mead, D. & Burton, P.. (2001). Raptors of the world. Helm Identification Guides.</ref><ref name="sta.uwi.edu">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Researchers have documented the white hawk feeding on a number of bird species including the keel-billed toucan, the mottled owl, the white-breasted wood wren and the great tinamou.<ref name="peregrinefund.org"/> They may feed on young and weak birds, as well.<ref name="sta.uwi.edu"/> Though rare, there is some evidence that this hawk may occasionally feed on fish.<ref name="peregrinefund.org"/> One researcher in Suriname found remains of a fish in a white hawk's stomach.<ref name="peregrinefund.org"/> It associates with foraging groups of tufted capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella) and South American coatis (Nasua nasua) to snatch prey startled by these animals.<ref>de Mello Beisiegel (2007)</ref> This species is often seen soaring, and has a spectacular aerial courtship display.
It builds a large stick platform nest in a tree<ref>E.g. Ceiba sp.: Cisneros-Heredia (2006)</ref> and usually lays one dark-blotched blue-white egg. An attended nest was observed in Ecuador in mid-August.<ref>Cisneros-Heredia (2006)</ref>
FootnotesEdit
ReferencesEdit
- Template:Cite journal
- Cisneros-Heredia, Diego F. (2006): Notes on breeding, behaviour and distribution of some birds in Ecuador. Bull. B.O.C. 126(2): 153–164. PDF fulltext
- de Mello Beisiegel, Beatriz (2007): Foraging Association between Coatis (Nasua nasua) and Birds of the Atlantic Forest, Brazil. Biotropica 39(2): 283–285. {{#invoke:doi|main}} (HTML abstract)
- ffrench, Richard; O'Neill, John Patton & Eckelberry, Don R. (1991): A guide to the birds of Trinidad and Tobago (2nd edition). Comstock Publishing, Ithaca, N.Y.. Template:ISBN
- Hilty, Steven L. (2003): Birds of Venezuela. Christopher Helm, London. Template:ISBN
- Latham, John (1787): Supplement to the General Synopsis of Birds. London; Leigh & Sotheby. [1]
- Latham, John (1790): Index ornithologicus, sive, Systema ornithologiae. London; Leigh & Sotheby.
- Laverde-R., Oscar; Stiles, F. Gary & Múnera-R., Claudia (2005): Nuevos registros e inventario de la avifauna de la Serranía de las Quinchas, un área importante para la conservación de las aves (AICA) en Colombia [New records and updated inventory of the avifauna of the Serranía de las Quinchas, an important bird area (IBA) in Colombia]. Caldasia 27(2): 247-265 [Spanish with English abstract]. PDF fulltext
- Magnier, B. and T. S. Schulenberg (2013). White Hawk (Pseudastur albicollis), version 1.0. In Neotropical Birds Online (T. S. Schulenberg, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. DOI 10.2173/nb.whihaw1.01.
- Peters, James Lee (1931): Check-list of birds of the world, volume 1. [2]
External linksEdit
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- Hawk Conservancy Trust
- White hawk photo; Article
- Photo-High Res; Article smithsonian, national museum of natural history
- Template:Usurped (for Belize, Honduras) Template:Usurped
- White hawk photo gallery VIREO
- White hawk videos on the Internet Bird Collection
