Template:Short description Template:Italic title {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Fw or F, Template:Literally) is a non-commissioned officer (NCO) rank in several countries. The rank originated in Germany, and is also used in Switzerland, Finland, Sweden, and Estonia. The rank has also been used in Russia, Austria-Hungary, occupied Serbia and Bulgaria.
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} is a contraction of {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} meaning 'field' and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, an archaic word meaning 'usher'. {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} comes from the Old High German {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, meaning to go back and forth (as in 'wobble').
There are variations on {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, such as Oberstabsfeldwebel ('Superior Staff Field Usher'), which is the highest non-commissioned rank in the German army and air force.
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} in different languagesEdit
The rank is used in several countries: Template:Langx, Template:Langx, Template:Langx, Template:Langx and Template:Langx.
In Swiss German the spelling {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} is used.
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} in different countries and armed forcesEdit
AustriaEdit
Template:See also {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} was a typical infantry rank of the k.u.k. Austro-Hungarian Army (1867–1918). It might have been comparable to NCO-rank OR8.<ref name="NATO2">The abbreviation "OR" stands for "Other Ranks / fr: sous-officiers et militaires du rang / ru:другие ранги, кроме офицероф"</ref>/ Company Sergeant-major ranks in the British Army.
In the k.u.k. Austro-Hungarian Army {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} was equivalent to:
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Master-Blacksmith 1st class) cavalry,
- Feuerwerker (Master-Sergeant, Template:Lit) artillery,
- Oberjaeger (Master-Sergeant) of the mountain troops and rifles,
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Fiscal sergeant 1st class),
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Regimental bugler),
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Regimental drummer),
- Wachtmeister (Master-Sergeant) cavalry,
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Weapon master 1st class) artillery and weapon arsenal,
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Master-Sergeant – volunteer serving one year), and
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Cadet-Master-Sergeant).
The rank insignia was a gorget patch on the stand-up collar of the so-called Waffenrock (tunic), and consisted of three white stars on 13 mm ragged yellow silk galloon. The gorget patch and the stand-up collar showed the particular Waffenfarbe (corps colour).
- Examples (selection)
| Designation | Non-commissioned officers OR8/ {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ranks | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| File:K.u.k. Feuerwerker.PNG | File:K.u.k. Wachtmeister.png | File:Oberjäger k.k. Gebrigstruppe 1907-18.png | File:K.u.k. Feldwebel.png | File:Feldwebel des k.u.k. Militärwachkorps.png | |
| Rank insignia | |||||
| Rank description | {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} | {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} | {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} | {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} | |
| Branch | Artillery | Cavalry | Mountain infantry |
Infantry | lang}} |
| (English) | (Artillery Master-Sergeant) | (Cavalry Master-Sergeant) | (Rifle Master-Sergeant) | (Master-Sergeant) | (Master-Sergeant mil. guards) |
BulgariaEdit
In the Bulgarian army, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (pronounced {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) existed from the late 19th century to the late 1940s, when the German-type military organization was phased out in favor of a new doctrine, identical to the Soviet one.
EstoniaEdit
The Estonian rank of {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} is derived from the name of the German rank {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}.
FinlandEdit
The Finnish Defence Force uses the ranks of {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} which are the third and second highest NCO ranks, respectively. {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} is also the highest rank that can be awarded to a female non-conscript NCO who has not completed the volunteer female military service (equivalent to the male conscription service). The Finnish Navy's equivalent rank is {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Template:Translation).<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
In addition, the Finnish Defence Force uses {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} to indicate an NCO position (which might or might not be occupied by an NCO of the rank {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) subordinate to the company commander. The unit's {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} is in charge of the company's personnel management as well as supply, provisioning and maintenance, including the maintenance of the premises inhabited by the unit. They are also responsible for maintaining the general order, discipline and unit cohesion.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The company's {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} is the lowest-ranking FDF position that can conduct a preliminary investigation into suspected service-related crimes. Their powers with regard to punishment are limited to conscripts, who they can punish with either a warning or up to six hours of extra duties.<ref>Laki sotilaskurinpidosta ja rikostorjunnasta puolustusvoimissa (28.3.2014/255) [Act on Military Discipline and Combating Crime in the Defence Forces] (in Finnish).</ref>
| Rank group | Non-commissioned officer | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Template:Army<ref name="Finland">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> |
File:Ylivääpeli M05.svg | File:Vääpeli M05.svg |
| lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} |
lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} | ||
GermanyEdit
German {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}Edit
Template:Infobox military rank
In the modern German {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} is considered a senior NCO, due in part to the large number of corporal positions which exist as junior grades.
The modern {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} NCO grades are as follows:
- Junior NCOs (Template:Langx) – {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (NATO-Rank Code OR 5a, 5c)
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ranks: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (OR-5b), {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (OR-6b) and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (OR-7) are ranks only held by Officer aspirants (OA) (Officer candidate or Officer Designate)
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Senior NCOs)
The sequence of ranks (top-down approach) in that particular group (NCOs with portepee or Senior NCOs with portepee) is as follows:
- OR-9: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} / {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
- OR-8: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} / {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
- OR-7: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} / {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
- OR-6a: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} / {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
- OR-6b: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} / {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
19th century and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}Edit
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} gained its widest usage under the German military beginning from the early 19th century. The highest-ranking non-commissioned officer until 1918, the Feldwebel acted as Company Sergeant Major. By contrast with some other countries, the position and duty of Regimental Sergeant Major never existed in Germany.
From 1877 veteran NCOs could be promoted to the rank of {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}. This Army Reserve officer ranked with the Commissioned Officers, but was always inferior to the lowest {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}.
From 1887 the {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Deputy Officer) ranked as a kind of Warrant Officer (more NCO than officer) between {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} and the commissioned officers.
There were three further NCO ranks: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Vice {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, senior NCO), {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (junior NCO) and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Lance Sergeant or Corporal, junior NCO). The {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} was not an NCO as he had no powers of authority, and was a higher grade of private soldier.
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}Edit
After World War I, in the German {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, the {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} rank group was divided into several grades:
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (deputy), in the meaning of platoon sergeant,
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (platoon sergeant, possible appointment to {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (in the meaning of company sergeant major),
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (special rank reserved for 25-year volunteers only).
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} and above were {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Senior NCOs); {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} were {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Junior NCOs). In 1921, the rank of {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} was renamed {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}. {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}s did duty as squad/section leaders.
The {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} rank was reserved for those who had enlisted for 25 year terms of service in the pre-war German military and those who were enlisted for shorter terms were not eligible to hold this rank.
The appointment of Hauptfeldwebel (Company sergeant major/First sergeant) could be held by {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}s or {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}s only. NCOs of a lower rank ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) holding this position were titled {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (i.e. acting {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}).
Rank insignia {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} until 1945Edit
Template:See also In the German Wehrmacht {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Template:Translation) and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Template:Translation) were rank insignia as follows.
| Rank insignia {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rank group | {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} | {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} | |||
| Shoulder insignia | File:WMacht H OR8 StFw Inf.svg | File:WMacht H OR7 OFw Inf.svg | File:WMacht H OR6 Fw Inf.svg | File:WMacht H OR5a UFw Inf.svg | File:WMacht H OR5b Uffz Inf.svg |
| Camouflage suit sleeve | File:StFw Stuscha OR8 cam slv 1945.svg | File:OFw Hscha OR7 cam slv 1945.svg | File:Fw Oscha OR6 cam slv 1945.svg | File:UFw Scha OR5a cam slv 1945.svg | File:Uffz Uscha OR5b cam slv 1945.svg |
| Army | lang}} | lang}} | lang}} | lang}} | lang}} |
| Template:Hr | |||||
| Cavalry and artillery | lang}} | lang}} | lang}} | lang}} | lang}} |
| Template:Hr | |||||
| Waffen–SS | lang}} | lang}} | lang}} | lang}} | lang}} |
Rank insignia GDR National People's Army until 1990Edit
In the German Democratic Republic National People's Army {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (junior NCO grades) were replaced by {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (senior NCO grades) were called {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}. The shoulder board rank insignia were as follows.
| Rank insignia {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} shoulder board | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} | {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} | ||||
| lang}} | lang}} | lang}} | lang}} | {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} | |
| Armoured troops | Border troops | Military engineering | Signal corps | Missile troops and artillery | |
| File:OR-5b Unteroffizier Pz.png | File:GDR Border Troops OR5 Unterfeldwebel.gif | File:GDR Army OR6 Feldwebel.gif | File:GDR Army OR7 Oberfeldwebel.gif | File:GDR Army OR8 Stabsfeldwebel.gif | |
| OR-5b | OR-5a | OR-6 | OR-7 | OR-8 | |
RussiaEdit
The rank of {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Template:Langx; plural: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:Transliteration) existed in the Imperial Russian Army from 1722 to 1917. A {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} held the highest non-commissioned officer ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, Template:Langx) rank from 1722 (the introduction of Peter the Great's Table of Ranks) until 1826 (the introduction of the still-higher {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ranks {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Template:Langx Template:Literally OR-7 and later {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}; Template:Lit) OR-8 in 1884). {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, even after the introduction of these senior ranks, were usually the most senior non-commissioned officers in a unit and held the positions of the unit's CO senior assistant or {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}; Sergeant Major). When they were promoted to {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} OR-8 or {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} OR-7 ranks, but still held the {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} OR-6 positions, they were authorized to still wear the {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}'s bands on their shoulder boards. The cavalry equivalent of this rank was the vakhtmistr or {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, derived from German {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}), also OR-6.
Since 1917, Soviet and Russian armies have used the rank of {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} as the rough equivalent of the old {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}.
| junior rank: Starshy unterofitser |
File:Lesser Coat of Arms of Russian Empire.svgFile:Герб Российского государства.png {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) |
senior rank: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} |
- Rank insignia
| designation | Rank insignia as to the years 1904-1917 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| shoulder board epaulette |
File:1904ir036-p05.png | File:1907-gr13-p05.png | File:1907ossr11-p05.png | File:1908ur03-e05.png | File:1911ur03-p05s.png | File:1906ossr11-p07.png | ||
| military rank |
lang}} (1904) |
lang}} (1907) |
lang}} of the Dowager Empress Maria Fyodorovna's 11th East Siberian rifle regiment (1904) |
lang}} (1908) |
lang}} long-serving, with a monogram from the 1881 to 1894 reign of Emperor Alexander III (1911) |
lang}} on assignment {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (1914) | ||
SwitzerlandEdit
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} is the lowest rank of higher non-commissioned officers in the Swiss Army. Until the Reform XXI agenda, there were two branches of {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}s: technical and company level.
The {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} oversees unit-level military service and operations. In 2004, the rank of {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} was introduced. Since then, only technical specialists have remained in the rank of {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}.
See alsoEdit
- History of Russian military ranks
- Ranks and insignia of NATO Armies Enlisted (Army)
- Ranks and insignia of NATO
ReferencesEdit
SourcesEdit
- BROCKHAUS, Die Enzyklopädie in 24 Bänden (1796–2001), Band 5: 3-7653-3665-3, S. 487, Feldwebel