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Gary Arlen Kildall (Template:IPAc-en; May 19, 1942 – July 11, 1994) was an American computer scientist and microcomputer entrepreneur. During the 1970s, Kildall created the CP/M operating system among other operating systems and programming tools,<ref name="Kildall_1993"/> and subsequently founded Digital Research, Inc. to market and sell his software products. He is considered a pioneer of the personal computer revolution.<ref name="Chronicles_1995" /><ref name="Evans_2004" />
In 1974 in Pacific Grove, California, Kildall demonstrated the first working prototype of CP/M, which would go on to become the dominant operating system on microcomputers.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Together with his invention of the BIOS (Basic Input Output System), his operating system allowed a microprocessor-based computer to communicate with a disk storage.Template:R Kildall was among the earliest individuals to recognize microprocessors as fully capable computers.<ref name="Chronicles_1995"/> During the 1980s, Kildall also appeared on PBS as co-host of Computer Chronicles, a weekly informational program that covered the latest developments in personal computing.
Early lifeEdit
Gary Kildall was born and grew up in Seattle, Washington, where his family operated a seamanship school. His father, Joseph Kildall, was a captain of Norwegian heritage. His mother Emma was of half Swedish descent, as Kildall's grandmother was born in Långbäck, Sweden, in Skellefteå Municipality, but emigrated to Canada at 23 years of age.<ref name="Andersson_2009"/>
EducationEdit
Kildall earned a bachelor's degree in mathematics in 1967 and a master's degree in Computer Science in 1968, both from the University of Washington. At one point, he had hoped to become a mathematics teacher. During his studies, Kildall became increasingly interested in computer technology and enrolled to attain a Ph.D. in Computer Science.<ref name="Kildall_1968"/><ref name=":0">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Kildall fulfilled his draft obligation by teaching at the Naval Postgraduate School in Monterey, California.<ref name="Swaine_1997"/>
Kildall briefly returned to UW and finished his doctorate in computer science in 1972.<ref name="Kildall_1972"/>
Intel lent him systems using the 8008 and 8080 processors, and in 1973, he developed the first high-level programming language for microprocessors, called PL/M.<ref name="Swaine_1997"/> For Intel he also wrote 8008 and 8080 instruction set simulators named INTERP/8<ref name="Intel_1973"/><ref name="Kildall_1974"/><ref name="Intel_1975_INTERP8"/> and INTERP/80.<ref name="Intel_1975_INTERP80"/> He created CP/M the same year to enable the 8080 to control a floppy drive, combining for the first time all the essential components of a computer at the microcomputer scale. He demonstrated CP/M to Intel, but Intel had little interest and chose to market PL/M instead.<ref name="Swaine_1997"/>
Business careerEdit
CP/MEdit
{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} In 1973 Kildall and Kathryn Strutynski developed the language PL/M<ref name="Shustek_2016"/> to produce CP/M, one of the first operating systems for personal computers, they used as reference their experience with the IBM mainframe computers and the operating system VM.
Kildall and his wife Dorothy established a company, originally called "Intergalactic Digital Research" (later renamed as Digital Research, Inc.), to market the operating system CP/M through advertisements in hobbyist magazines. Digital Research licensed CP/M for the IMSAI 8080, a popular clone of the Altair 8800. As more manufacturers licensed CP/M, it became a de facto standard and had to support an increasing number of hardware variations. In response, Kildall pioneered the concept of a BIOS, a set of simple programs stored in the computer hardware (ROM or EPROM chip) that enabled CP/M to run on different systems without modification.<ref name="Swaine_1997"/>
CP/M's quick success took Kildall by surprise, and he was slow to update it for high density floppy disks and hard disk drives. After hardware manufacturers talked about creating a rival operating system, Kildall started a rush project to develop CP/M 2.<ref name="Akass"/> By 1981, at the peak of its popularity, CP/M ran on Template:Val different computer models and DRI had Template:Currency million in yearly revenues.<ref name="Swaine_1997"/>
Between 1983 and 1984, Digital Research offered several of their business and educational applications for the IBM PC on bootable floppy diskettes bundled with SpeedStart CP/M, a reduced version of CP/M-86 as a bootable runtime environment.<ref>http://bitsavers.trailing-edge.com/pdf/digitalResearch/brochures/CPM_PC_Applications_Library_Brochure_1983.pdf Template:Bare URL PDF</ref>
IBM dealingsEdit
IBM approached Digital Research in 1980, at Bill Gates' suggestion,<ref name="Isaacson_2014"/> to negotiate the purchase of a forthcoming version of CP/M called CP/M-86 for the IBM PC. Gary had left initial negotiations to his wife, Dorothy, as he usually did, while he and colleague and developer of the MP/M operating system Tom Rolander used Gary's private aeroplane to deliver software to manufacturer Bill Godbout.<ref name="Chronicles_1995"/><ref name="Wallace_1993"/> Before the IBM representatives would explain the purpose of their visit, they insisted that Dorothy sign a non-disclosure agreement. On the advice of DRI attorney Gerry Davis, Dorothy refused to sign the agreement without Gary's approval. Gary returned in the afternoon and tried to move the discussion with IBM forward, and accounts disagree on whether he signed the non-disclosure agreement, as well as whether he ever met with the IBM representatives.<ref name="Freiberger_2000"/>
Various reasons have been given for the two companies failing to reach an agreement. DRI, which had only a few products, might have been unwilling to sell its main product to IBM for a one-time payment rather than its usual royalty-based plan.<ref name="Young_1997"/> Dorothy might have believed that the company could not deliver CP/M-86 on IBM's proposed schedule, as the company was busy developing an implementation of the PL/I programming language for Data General.<ref name="Evans_2004"/> Also possible, the IBM representatives might have been annoyed that DRI had spent hours on what they considered a routine formality.<ref name="Wallace_1993"/> According to Kildall, the IBM representatives took the same flight to Florida that night that he and Dorothy took for their vacation, and they negotiated further on the flight, reaching a handshake agreement. IBM lead negotiator Jack Sams insisted that he never met Gary, and one IBM colleague has confirmed that Sams said so at the time. He accepted that someone else in his group might have been on the same flight, and noted that he flew back to Seattle to talk with Microsoft again.<ref name="Wallace_1993"/>
Sams related the story to Gates, who had already agreed to provide a BASIC interpreter and several other programs for the PC. Gates' impression of the story was that Gary capriciously "went flying", as he would later tell reporters.<ref name="Manes_1992"/> Sams left Gates with the task of finding a usable operating system, and a few weeks later he proposed using the operating system 86-DOS—an independently developed operating system that implemented Kildall's CP/M API—from Seattle Computer Products (SCP). Paul Allen negotiated a licensing deal with SCP. Allen had 86-DOS adapted for IBM's hardware, and IBM shipped it as IBM PC DOS.<ref name="Freiberger_2000"/>
Kildall obtained a copy of PC DOS, examined it, and concluded that it infringed on CP/M. When he asked Gerry Davis what legal options were available, Davis told him that intellectual property law for software was not clear enough to sue.<ref name="Hamm_2004"/> Instead Kildall only threatened IBM with legal action, and IBM responded with a proposal to offer CP/M-86 as an option for the PC in return for a release of liability.<ref name="Morrow_2000"/> Kildall accepted, believing that IBM's new system (like its previous personal computers) would not be a significant commercial success.<ref name="Scoble_2007"/> When the IBM PC was introduced, IBM sold its operating system as an unbundled option. One of the operating system options was PC DOS, priced at Template:Currency. PC DOS was seen as a practically necessary option; most software titles required it and without it the IBM PC was limited to its built-in Cassette BASIC. CP/M-86 shipped a few months later six times more expensive at Template:Currency, and sold poorly against DOS and enjoyed far less software support.<ref name="Chronicles_1995"/>
Multi-Programming Monitor Control Program (MP/M)Edit
{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} With the loss of the IBM deal, Gary and Dorothy found themselves under pressure to bring in more experienced management, and Gary's influence over the company waned. He worked in various experimental and research projects, such as a version of CP/M with multitasking (MP/M), created by Digital Research developer Tom Rolander in 1979. Kildall also worked on an implementation of the Logo programming language.<ref name="Swaine_1997"/> He hoped that Logo, an educational dialect of LISP, would supplant BASIC in education, but it did not.<ref name="Rolander_1994"/>
FlexOSEdit
{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}}
In 1985 Digital Research developed FlexOS, a modular real-time multiuser multitasking operating system (RTOS).<ref name="Watt_1986_Reorg"/><ref name="BW_1991"/>
Graphics Environment Manager (GEM)Edit
{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} After seeing a demonstration of the Apple Lisa, Kildall oversaw the creation of DRI's own graphical user interface, called GEM, which was introduced on February 28, 1985.<ref>http://bitsavers.org/pdf/digitalResearch/concurrent/1090-1411-002_Concurrent_DOS_Brochure_1988.pdf Template:Bare URL PDF</ref> Novell acquired DRI in 1991 in a deal that netted millions for Kildall.<ref name="Hamm_2004"/>
Kildall resigned as CEO of Digital Research on 28 June 1985, but remained chairman of the board.<ref name="Burton_1985_Short"/>
Computer ChroniclesEdit
{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}}Template:See also
Kildall co-hosted a public television program produced by PBS called Computer Chronicles. It followed trends in personal computing. Gary co-hosted the program for seven years during the first eight seasons from 1983 to 1990. After this time the program continued through its 19th season, with the last episode aired on June 25, 2002.
ActiventureEdit
In 1984 Gary started another company, Activenture, which adapted optical disc technology for computer use,<ref name="Allan_2001"/> using as reference the Red Book developed by Sony and Phillips in 1980. In 1985 the CD-ROM was presented by Philips and Sony, the same year Activenture was renamed KnowledgeSet.
The Electronic EncyclopediaEdit
In June 1985 Digital Research released The Electronic Encyclopedia,<ref name="Stark_1986"/> a CD-ROM version of Grolier's Academic American Encyclopedia.<ref name="Freiberger_2000"/><ref name="Allan_2001"/><ref name="Evans_2004"/> The first computer encyclopedia, it included pictures in 1990 and added audio and videos in 1992. The encyclopedia was acquired by Banta Corporation; its last CD-ROM version was published in 2003.<ref name="F6S_2013"/> Template:Anchor
Prometheus Light and Sound (PLS)Edit
Kildall's final business venture, known as Prometheus Light and Sound (PLS) and based in Austin, Texas, developed a modular PBX communication system<ref name="Swaine_1997"/> that integrated land-line telephones with mobile phones (called "Intelliphone") to reduce the then-high online costs and to remotely connect with home appliances.<ref name="Huitt_2014"/>
Prometheus Light and Sound system included a UUCP-based store and forward system to exchange emails and files between the various nodes and was planned to include TCP/IP support at a later point in time.
Computer AnimationEdit
According to Brian Halla, Intel's technical liaison to Digital Research in the 1970s, Gary Kildall showed him a VAX 11/780 running in his house generating a Coke bottle spinning. According to Halla, Kildall sold it a few months later to Pixar.<ref name="halla_interview">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Computer ConnectionsEdit
In 1992, Kildall was invited to the University of Washington computer science program's 25th anniversary event. As a distinguished graduate of the program, Kildall was disappointed when asked to attend simply as an audience member. He also took offense at the decision to give the keynote speech to Bill Gates, a Harvard dropout who had donated to UW, but had never attended.<ref name="Evans_2004"/>
In response, Kildall began writing a memoir, entitled Computer Connections: People, Places, and Events in the Evolution of the Personal Computer Industry.<ref name="Hamm_2004"/> The memoir,<ref name="Shustek_2016"/><ref name="Perry_2016"/><ref name="Kildall_1993"/> which Kildall sought to publish, expressed his frustration that people did not seem to value elegance in computer software.<ref name="Rolander_1994"/> Template:Quote box Writing about Bill Gates, Kildall described him as "more of an opportunist than a technical type, and severely opinionated, even when the opinion he holds is absurd."<ref name="Kildall_1993"/>Template:Rp
In an appendix, he called DOS "plain and simple theft"<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> because its first 26 system calls worked the same as CP/M's.<ref name="Andrews_1994"/> He accused IBM of contriving the price difference between PC DOS and CP/M-86 in order to marginalize CP/M.<ref name="Evans_2004"/>
Kildall had completed a rough draft of the manuscript by the end of 1993,<ref name="Kildall_1993"/> but the full text remains unpublished. Journalist Harold Evans used the memoir as a primary source for a chapter about Kildall in the 2004 book They Made America, concluding that Microsoft had robbed Kildall of his inventions.<ref name="Evans_2004"/> IBM veterans from the PC project disputed the book's description of events, and Microsoft described it as "one-sided and inaccurate."<ref name="Hamm_2004"/>
In August 2016, Kildall's family made the first seven chapters of Computer Connections available as a free public download.<ref name="Perry_2016"/><ref name="Shustek_2016"/><ref name="Kildall_1993"/>
Personal lifeEdit
Kildall self-described as a "greaser" during high school,<ref name="Kildall_1993" />Template:Rp and his colleagues recall him as creative, easygoing, and adventurous. In addition to flying, he loved sports cars, auto racing, and boating, and had a lifelong love of the sea.<ref name="Chronicles_1995" /><ref name="Swaine_1997" />
Although Kildall preferred to leave the IBM affair in the past and to be known for his work before and afterward, he continually faced comparisons between himself and Bill Gates, as well as fading memories of his contributions. A legend grew around the fateful IBM-DRI meeting, encouraged by Gates and various journalists,<ref name="Manes_1992" /><ref name="Cringely_1992" /> suggesting that Kildall had irresponsibly taken the day off for a recreational flight.<ref name="Evans_2004" />
In later years, Kildall privately expressed bitter feelings about being overshadowed by Microsoft,<ref name="Swaine_1997" /> and began suffering from alcoholism.<ref name="Hamm_2004" /><ref name="Rivlin_1999" />
Selling DRI to Novell had made Kildall a wealthy man, and he moved to the West Lake Hills suburb of Austin. His Austin house was a lakeside property, with stalls for several sports cars, and a video studio in the basement. Kildall owned and flew his own Learjet and had at least one boat on the lake. While in Austin he also participated in volunteer efforts to assist children with HIV/AIDS. He also owned a mansion with a panoramic ocean view in Pebble Beach, California, near the headquarters of DRI.Template:RTemplate:R
Death and legacyEdit
On July 8, 1994, at the age of 52,<ref name=":0" /> Kildall sustained a head injury at the Franklin Street Bar & Grill, a biker bar in Monterey, California.<ref name="Akass_2006"/> The exact circumstances of the injury are unclear. Various sources have claimed he fell from a chair, fell down steps, or was assaulted because he had entered the establishment wearing Harley-Davidson leathers.<ref name="Young_1997"/> Harold Evans, in They Made America, states that Kildall "stumbled and hit his head" inside the premises, and "was found on the floor."<ref name="Evans_2004"/>
Following the injury, Kildall was discharged from the hospital twice. He was pronounced dead at the Community Hospital of the Monterey Peninsula, on July 11, 1994. An autopsy, conducted on July 12, did not conclusively determine the cause of death.<ref name="Andrews_1994" /><ref name="Markoff_1994" /> Evans states that Kildall's head injury triggered a cerebral hemorrhage, causing a blood clot to form inside the skull.<ref name="Evans_2004" /> A CP/M Usenet FAQ states that Kildall was concussed due to his injury, and died of a heart attack; the connection between the two is unclear.<ref name="Kirkpatrick_1999" /> Medical evidence of chronic alcoholism was found during the autopsy.<ref name="Whitely_1994">Template:Cite news</ref>
Initial news reports and police investigation viewed Kildall's death as a possible homicide. According to the coroner's report, Kildall's fatal injury may have taken place "as a result of foul play," and the case was referred to the Monterey Police Department. "We're going to investigate it as a possible homicide," said police Sgt. Frank Sollecito. "I'm not going to flat-out say it's a homicide".<ref name="Whitely_1994"/>
Kildall's body was cremated. His remains were buried in Evergreen Washelli Memorial Park, in north Seattle.<ref name="Evans_2004"/>
RecognitionEdit
Following the announcement of Kildall's death, Bill Gates commented that he was "one of the original pioneers of the PC revolution" and "a very creative computer scientist who did excellent work. Although we were competitors, I always had tremendous respect for his contributions to the PC industry. His untimely death was very unfortunate and his work will be missed."<ref name="Chronicles_1995" />
Stewart Cheifet, his co-host on Computer Chronicles, said that Kildall was his "favorite guy" and praised his skills and contributions in the development of personal computing. Cheifet also commented: "Gary's problem was that he was too much of a gentleman. He wasn't a killer business kind of guy", adding that he was "a decent man in a business that was hard to succeed in if you were decent."<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In March 1995, Kildall was posthumously honored by the Software Publishers Association (SPA) for his contributions to the microcomputer industry:<ref name="Wharton_1994"/><ref name="SPA_1995"/><ref name="Swaine_1997"/>
- The first programming language and first compiler specifically for microprocessors: PL/M. (1973)
- The first microprocessor disk operating system, which eventually sold a quarter of a million copies: CP/M. (1974)
- The first successful open system architecture by segregating system-specific hardware interfaces in a set of BIOS routines.<ref name="Kildall_1975_BDOS"/><ref name="Kildall_1980_CPM"/><ref name="Fischer_2001_Ewing"/><ref name="Fraley_2007_Killian"/> (1975)
- Creation of the first diskette track buffering schemes, read-ahead algorithms, file directory caches, and RAM drive emulators.
- Introduction of operating systems with preemptive multitasking and windowing capabilities and menu-driven user interfaces (with Digital Research): MP/M, Concurrent CP/M, Concurrent DOS, DOS Plus, GEM.
- Introduction of a binary recompiler: XLT86. (1981)<ref name="XLT86_1981"/>
- The first computer interface for video disks to allow automatic nonlinear playback, presaging today's interactive multimedia. (1984, with Activenture)
- The file system and data structures for the first consumer CD-ROM. (1985, with KnowledgeSet)
In April 2014, the city of Pacific Grove installed a commemorative plaque outside Kildall's former residence, which also served as the early headquarters of Digital Research.<ref name="Sammon_2014"/>
In popular cultureEdit
Steve Hauk wrote a play A Mild Concussion.Template:R Later, with Stewart Cheifet, a second version of the play was written under the title The Forgotten Computer Genius. The play looks at the final days of a computer genius.Template:R
See alsoEdit
ReferencesEdit
Further readingEdit
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External linksEdit
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