Template:Short description Template:Use American English Template:Use mdy dates Template:Infobox public transit
Muni Metro is a light rail<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>Template:Efn-ua system serving San Francisco, California, United States. Operated by the San Francisco Municipal Railway (Muni), a part of the San Francisco Municipal Transportation Agency (SFMTA), Muni's light rail linesTemplate:Efn-ua saw an average of Template:American transit ridership boardings per day as of Template:American transit ridership and a total of Template:American transit ridership boardings in Template:American transit ridership, making it the sixth-busiest light rail system in the United States.
Five services – J Church, K Ingleside, L Taraval, M Ocean View, and N Judah run on separate surface alignments and merge into a single east–west tunnel, the Market Street subway. The T Third Street uses a north–south tunnel downtown, the Central Subway. The supplementary S Shuttle service operates within the Market Street subway and Twin Peaks Tunnel. Muni Metro operates a fleet of 151 Breda high-floor light rail vehicles (LRVs), which are currently being replaced by a fleet of 249 Siemens S200 LRVs. The system has 117 stations, of which 63 (54%) are accessible.
Muni Metro is one of the surviving first-generation streetcar systems in North America. The San Francisco Municipal Railway was created in 1909 and opened its first streetcar lines in 1912. Five of the current lines were added in the following decades: the J in 1917, the K (including the Twin Peaks Tunnel) in 1918, the L in 1919, the M in 1925, and the N in 1928. The other Municipal Railway streetcar lines, and those of the privately owned Market Street Railway, were converted to buses in the 1920s to 1950s, but these five lines were retained as streetcars because of their private rights of way. The system was converted to light rail, with larger US Standard Light Rail Vehicles, in the late 1970s and early 1980s. This included the opening of the Market Street subway as well as an extension of three lines to Balboa Park station. An extension along The Embarcadero to the Caltrain terminal at 4th and King Street opened in 1998. The T Third Street line opened in 2007, serving the southeastern portion of the city. The Central Subway, with three new subway stations and one new surface station opened on November 19, 2022.
HistoryEdit
BeginningsEdit
The first street railroad in San Francisco was the San Francisco Market Street Railroad Company, which was incorporated in 1857 and began operating in 1860, with track along Market Street from California to Mission Dolores.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Muni Metro descended from the municipally-owned traditional streetcar system started on December 28, 1912, when the San Francisco Municipal Railway (Muni) was established.<ref name="F-Line history">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The first streetcar line, the A Geary, ran from Kearny and Market Streets in the Financial District to Fulton Street and 10th Avenue in the Richmond District.<ref name="A Geary">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>O'Shaughnessy (1921),p. 18</ref> The system slowly expanded, opening the Twin Peaks Tunnel in 1917,<ref name="tunnels">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> allowing streetcars to run to the southwestern quadrant of the city. By 1921, the city was operating Template:Convert of electric trolley lines and Template:Convert of cable car lines.<ref>O'Shaughnessy (1921), p. 5</ref> The last line to start service before 2007 was the N Judah, which started service after the Sunset Tunnel opened in 1928.<ref name="N-start">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In the 1940s and 1950s, as in many North American cities, public transit in San Francisco was consolidated under the aegis of a single municipal corporation, which then began phasing out much of the streetcar network in favor of buses.<ref name="phasingout">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> However, five heavily used streetcar lines traveled for at least part of their routes through tunnels or otherwise reserved right-of-way, and thus could not be converted to bus lines.<ref name="legacies">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> As a result, these lines, running PCC streetcars, continued in operation.
Market Street subwayEdit
Original plans for the BART system drawn up in the 1950s envisioned a double-decked subway tunnel under Market Street (known as the Market Street subway) in downtown San Francisco; the lower deck would be dedicated to express trains, while the upper would be served by local trains whose routes would spread south and west through the city. However, by 1961 these plans were altered; only a single BART route would travel through the city on the lower deck, while the upper deck would be served by the existing Muni streetcar routes.<ref name="1961Report">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The new tunnel would be connected to the existing Twin Peaks Tunnel. The new underground stations would feature high platforms, and the older stations would be retrofitted with the same, which meant that the PCCs could not be used in them. Hence, a fleet of new light rail vehicles was ordered from Boeing-Vertol, but were not delivered until 1979–80, even though the tunnel was completed in 1978. The K and M lines were extended to Balboa Park during this time, providing further connections to BART. (The J line also saw an extension there in 1991, which provided yet another BART connection at Glen Park.)
On February 18, 1980, the Muni Metro was officially inaugurated, with weekday N line service in the subway.<ref name="perles1981">Template:Cite book</ref> The Metro service was implemented in phases, and the subway was served only on weekdays until 1982. The K Ingleside line began using the entire Metro subway on weekdays on June 11, 1980, the L Taraval and M Ocean View lines on December 17, 1980, and lastly the J Church line on June 17, 1981.<ref name="mckane-perles1982">Template:Cite book</ref> Meanwhile, weekend service on all five lines (J, K, L, M, N) continued to use PCC cars operating on the surface of Market Street through to the Transbay Terminal, and the Muni Metro was closed on weekends. At the end of the service day September 19, 1982, streetcar operations on the surface of Market Street were discontinued entirely, the remaining PCC cars taken out of service, and weekend service on the five light rail lines was temporarily converted to buses.<ref name="chron-1982sep20">Soiffer, Bill (September 20, 1982). "The Last Streetcar On Top of Market". San Francisco Chronicle, p. 2.</ref><ref name="perles-tours">Template:Cite book</ref> Finally, on November 20, 1982, the Muni Metro subway began operating seven days a week.<ref name="perles-tours" />
At the time, there were no firm plans to revive any service on the surface of Market Street or return PCCs to regular running.<ref name="chron-1982sep20" /> However, tracks were rehabilitated for the 1983 Historic Trolley Festival,<ref name="perles-tours" /> and the inauguration of the F line, served by heritage streetcars, followed in 1995.
By the late 1980s, Muni scheduled 20 trains per hour (TPH) through the Market Street subway at peak periods, with all trains using the crossover west of Embarcadero station to reverse direction. To allow for high frequencies on the surface branches, eastbound trains were combined at West Portal and Duboce Portal, and westbound trains split at those locations. Two-car N Judah trains and one-car J Church trains (each 10TPH) combined at the Duboce Portal, while two-car L Taraval trains (10TPH) alternately combined with two-car M Ocean View and K Ingleside (each 5 TPH) trains at West Portal to form four-car trains. However, this provided suboptimal service; many inbound trains did not arrive at the portals in time to combine into longer trains.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Muni meltdownEdit
In the mid- to late-1990s, San Francisco grew more prosperous and its population expanded with the advent of the dot-com boom, and the Metro system began to feel the strain of increased commuter demand. Muni criticism had been something of a feature of life in San Francisco, and not without reason. The Boeing trains were sub-par and grew crowded quickly,<ref name="reliefdelayed">Template:Cite news Template:Open access</ref> and the difficulty in running a hybrid streetcar and light rail system—with five lines merging into one—led to scheduling problems on the main trunk lines with long waits between arrivals and commuter-packed trains sometimes sitting motionless in tunnels for extended periods of time.<ref name="reliefdelayed" />
Muni did take steps to address these problems. Newer, larger Breda cars were ordered, an extension of the system towards South Beach — where many of the new dot-coms were headquartered — was built, and the underground section was switched to Automatic Train Operation (ATO). The Breda cars, however, came in noisy, overweight, oversized, under-braked, and over-budget (their price grew from US$2.2Template:Nbspmillion per car to nearly US$3Template:Nbspmillion over the course of their production).<ref name="sfgatecostofnewbreda">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="sfgatecostofoldbreda">Template:Cite news</ref> In fact, the new trains were so heavy (Template:Convert more than the Boeing LRVs they replaced) that some homeowners, claiming that the exceptional weight of the Breda cars damaged their foundations, sued the city of San Francisco.<ref name="noevalleybredaoverweight">Template:Cite news</ref> The Breda cars are longer and wider than the previous Boeing cars, necessitating the modification of subway stations and maintenance yards, as well as the rear view mirrors on the trains themselves.<ref name="sfgatecostofoldbreda" /> Furthermore, the Breda cars do not run in three car trains, like the Boeing cars used to, as doing so had, in some instances, physically damaged the overhead power wires.<ref name="longbredatrains">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Breda trains were so noisy that San Francisco budgeted over $15Template:Nbspmillion to quiet them down, while estimates range up to $1Template:Nbspmillion per car to remedy the excessive noise.<ref name="sfgatebredanoise">Template:Cite news</ref> To this day, the Breda cars are noisier than the PCC or Boeing cars. In 1998, federal inspectors mandated a lower speed limit of Template:Convert, down from Template:Convert, because the brakes were problematic.<ref name="sfgatebredabrakes">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="bredaebald">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The ATC system was plagued by numerous glitches when first implemented, initially causing significantly more harm than good. Common occurrences included sending trains down the wrong tracks, and, more often, inappropriately applying emergency braking.<ref name="bredabrakehorrors">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Eventually the result was a spectacular service crisis, widely referred to as the "Muni meltdown", in the summer of 1998. During this period, two reporters for the San Francisco Chronicle—one riding in the Muni Metro tunnel and one on foot on the surface—held a race through downtown, with the walking reporter emerging the winner.<ref name="race">Template:Cite news</ref>
After initial problems with the ATC were fixed, substantial upgrades to the entire Muni transit systems have gone a long way towards resolving persistent crowding and scheduling issues. Nonetheless, Muni remains one of the slowest urban transport systems in the United States.Template:Cn
Recent expansionsEdit
In 1980, the M Ocean View was extended from Broad Street and Plymouth Avenue to its current terminus at Balboa Park.<ref name="Railopenings" /> In 1991, the J Church was extended from Church and 30th Streets to its current terminus at Balboa Park.<ref name="Railopenings" /> In 1998, the N Judah was extended from Embarcadero Station to the planned site of the new Pacific Bell Park and Caltrain Depot,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The extension was briefly served between January and August of that year by the temporary E Embarcadero<ref name="NewEmbarcadero">Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> light rail shuttle (restored in 2015 as the E Embarcadero heritage streetcar line).
In 2007, the T Third Street, running south from Caltrain Depot along Third Street to the southern edge of the city, opened as part of the Third Street Light Rail Project. Limited weekend T line service began on January 13, 2007, while full service began on April 7, 2007. The line initially ran from the southern terminus at Bayshore Boulevard and Sunnydale Street to Castro Street Station in the north.<ref name="NewTThirdStreet">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The line ran into initial problems with breakdowns, bottlenecks, and power failures, creating massive delays.<ref name="TThirddelays">Template:Cite news</ref> Service changes to address complaints with the introduction of the T Third Street were implemented on June 30, 2007, when the K and T trains were interlined, or effectively merged into one single line with route designations changing at the entrances into the subway (T becomes K outbound at Embarcadero; K becomes T inbound at West Portal).<ref name="TThirdsfmta">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The Central Subway runs between Chinatown station in Chinatown and a portal in South of Market (SoMa), with intermediate stops at Union Square/Market Street station in Union Square and Yerba Buena/Moscone station in SoMa. A surface portion runs through SoMa to connect to the existing T Third Street line at 4th and King station. Muni estimates that the Central Subway section of the T Third Street line will carry roughly 35,100 riders per day by 2030.<ref name="CSinfosheet">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Originally set to open in late 2018, the subway opened with weekend-only shuttle service on November 19, 2022. Full service as part of the T Third Street line began on January 7, 2023.<ref name="cssc">Template:Cite press release</ref><ref>Template:Cite press release</ref><ref name="jan7">Template:Cite news</ref> Additional shuttle trains signed "S Chase Center" will operate between Template:Munis and Template:Munis for events at Chase Center.<ref>Template:Cite press release</ref>
COVID-19 pandemicEdit
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On March 30, 2020, Muni Metro service was replaced with buses due to the COVID-19 pandemic.<ref>Template:Cite press release</ref> The SFMTA reopened rail service on August 22, 2020,<ref name=aug22>Template:Cite press release</ref> but returned to bus substitution three days later, citing malfunctioning overhead wire splices and the need to quarantine control center staff after a COVID-19 case.<ref>Template:Cite press release</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> During this brief time, routes were reconfigured to improve reliability in the subway:
- J Church service operated as an only-surface route between Template:Munis and Template:Munis, requiring transfers to the Market Street subway at Church station.
- K Ingleside and L Taraval service was interlined as the LK, running between Template:Munis and Balboa Park; no J, K, or L service entered the subway. Light-rail service west of Sunset Boulevard was replaced by buses to allow for construction. Transfers were required at West Portal station.
- M Ocean View and T Third Street service was interlined as the TM, running between Sunnydale and Balboa Park.
- S Shuttle service was increased, running with the TM and N in the subway.
Advocates with local nonprofit Senior and Disability Action criticized this route configuration, expressing concern over the need to transfer at West Portal and Church stations.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In November 2020, the SFMTA that announced some rail lines such as the N Judah and T Third would likely return in early 2021, followed by a gradual return to full operation. Kirschbaum said the agency was reconsidering its approach to maintenance after the botched attempt to reopen in August, and that it might take 5 to 8 years to fully address the system's vulnerabilities.<ref name="Graf-Nov3">Template:Cite news</ref> Among the most urgent issues was replacing the track ballast in the Twin Peaks Tunnel, which was meant to be replaced during a maintenance project in 2018 but was instead reused at that time. City supervisors harshly criticized the mistake, which SFMTA director Jeffrey Tumlin blamed on a "culture of fear" he was working to correct since becoming the agency's leader in 2019.<ref name="Graf-Nov20">Template:Cite news</ref>
The surface-only (from Market Street to Balboa Park) J Church route resumed service on December 19, 2020, followed by the Embarcadero–Sunnydale portion of the T Third Street on January 23, 2021.<ref>Template:Cite press release</ref> N Judah and K Ingleside light rail service resumed on May 15, 2021, with the K and T again interlined, along with S Shuttle service now converted to supplementary.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite press release</ref> At that time, some stations were converted to new wayfinding signage based on international standards, with compass directions like "westbound" replacing older "inbound"/"outbound" directions.<ref>Template:Cite press release</ref> M Ocean View light rail service resumed on August 14, 2021. The L remained served by buses due to a multi-year reconstruction on the surface section of the line until it resumed train service on September 28, 2024.<ref>Template:Cite press release</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Service only ran until 9pm until October 2, 2021, when it was extended to 10pm on Sundays and midnight on other days to better align with BART's late-night service.<ref>Template:Cite press release</ref> J Church service resumed subway service on February 19, 2022.<ref>Template:Cite press release</ref>
FutureEdit
Several further expansions have been proposed. SFMTA has studied extending the Central Subway as an above-ground light rail line or subway through North Beach, and into the Marina district, with the possibility of eventually terminating in the Presidio.<ref name="t-third-phase-3-study">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Starting in 2017, the SFMTA, in collaboration with other city agencies, began its ConnectSF process to plan its vision for future transit expansions that would follow its then under construction projects such as Van Ness BRT and the Central Subway.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The final report on transit from the ConnectSF program was released in 2021 and identified two major corridors for Muni Metro expansion: a subway line along the Geary Boulevard and 19th Avenue corridor connecting to Daly City, and the extension of the Central Subway to Fisherman's Wharf that had already undergone preliminary analysis.<ref name="connectsf-transit">Template:Cite report</ref> The Geary/19th corridor would replace earlier efforts to plan a standalone Geary subway line, such as in the 2017 20-year Capital Plan,<ref name="sfmta-20-year-plan">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and the planning effort started in 2014 (called the Muni Subway Expansion Project) to extend the M Ocean View in a fully grade-separated right-of-way to better serve the 19th Avenue corridor that had begun preliminary engineering studies in 2018.<ref name="sfcta-19th-ave">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="muni-subway-expansion">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The ConnectSF report also identified the need to modernize the Muni Metro system. Key improvements that are planned include a new train control system that utilizes communications-based train control and infrastructure improvements that would enable longer trains to run in the subway and on some surface lines with greater reliability.<ref name="connectsf-transit" /> As of 2024, the train control system replacement was in the planning stages with a pilot implementation planned in 2025 and with the entire upgrade estimated to be completed in 2029.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The SFMTA board approved a $212 million design and procurement contract and a $114 million ten-year support contract with Hitachi Rail in October 2024.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
InfrastructureEdit
Template:See also The Muni Metro system consists of Template:Convert of standard gauge track, seven light rail lines (six regular lines and one peak-hour line), three tunnels, 12 subway stations, 25 surface stations, and 87 surface stops.<ref name="metroLR">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The backbone of the system is formed by two interconnected subway tunnels, the older Twin Peaks Tunnel and the newer Market Street subway, both controlled by automatic train operation systems to run trains with the operators closing the door to allow the train to pull out of a station. This ATO system was upgraded in 2015 to replace outdated software and relays.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The tunnels, Template:Convert in total length,<ref name="Railopenings" /> run from West Portal Station in the southwestern part of the city to Embarcadero Station in the heart of the Financial District. Three lines—the K Ingleside, the L Taraval, and the M Ocean View—feed into the tunnel at West Portal, while two lines, the J Church and N Judah, enter at a portal near Church Street and Duboce Avenue in the Duboce Triangle neighborhood. The N Judah enters and exits the tunnel at Embarcadero. The T Third Street is the only line in the Muni Metro that does not enter the tunnel, instead going through the Central Subway. An additional tunnel, the Sunset Tunnel, is located near the Duboce portal and is served by the N.
The interconnected tunnels contain nine subway stations.<ref name="SFMTA CIP">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Three stations—West Portal, Forest Hill and the now-defunct Eureka Valley—were opened in 1918 as part of the Twin Peaks Tunnel,<ref name="TwinPeaksTunnelOpens">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> while the other seven—Castro Street, Church Street, Van Ness, Civic Center, Powell Street, Montgomery Street and Embarcadero—were opened in 1980 as part of the Market Street subway. Four stations, Civic Center, Powell Street, Montgomery Street, and Embarcadero, are shared with Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART), with Muni Metro on the upper level and BART on the lower one.<ref name="MuniBART">Template:Cite journal</ref>
Above ground, there are twenty-four surface platform stations.<ref name="SFMTA CIP" /> Two stations, Stonestown and San Francisco State University, are located at the southwestern part of the city, while the rest are located on the eastern side of the city, where the system underwent recent expansion as part of the Embarcadero extension and the Third Street Light Rail Project. However, many of the stops on the system are surface stops consisting of anything from a traffic island to a yellow-banded "Car Stop" sign painted on a utility pole.<ref name="busstop">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
All subway and surface stations are accessible to people with disabilities. Because the system uses high-floor vehicles, while operating as a streetcar, the vehicles are not accessible to people with disabilities that impact their mobility. A select number of stops, typically located near major intersections, are equipped with ramps or lifts, for people with disabilities.<ref name="accessible">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Muni Metro has two rail yards for storage and maintenance:
- Green Yard or Curtis E. Green Light Rail Center at 425 Geneva Avenue is located adjacent to Balboa Park Station and serves as the outbound terminus for the J Church, K Ingleside, and M Ocean View. The facility has repair facilities, an outdoor storage yard and larger carhouse structure. The facility was renamed for former and late head of Muni in 1987.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
- Muni Metro East is a newer facility opened in 2008 and is located along the Central Waterfront on Illinois and 25th Streets in the Potrero Hill neighborhood, a block from the T Third Street line.<ref name="MME">Template:Cite news</ref> The Template:Convert maintenance facility with outdoor storage area is located next to Northern Container Terminal and former Army Pier.
RoutesEdit
| Line | Year opened<ref name="Railopenings" /><ref name="Railopenings-old">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |
CitationClass=web
}}</ref> |
Termini | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Eastbound/southbound | Westbound/northbound | |||
| Template:MUNI legend | 1917 | Embarcadero station | Balboa Park station | |
| Template:MUNI legend | 1918 | Embarcadero station | Balboa Park station | |
| Template:MUNI legend | 1919 | Embarcadero station | Wawona and 46th Avenue (SF Zoo) station | |
| Template:MUNI legend | 1925 | Embarcadero station | San Jose and Geneva (Balboa Park) station | |
| Template:MUNI legend | 1928 | 4th and King station | Judah and La Playa (Ocean Beach) station | |
| Template:MUNI legend | 2001 | Embarcadero station | West Portal station | |
| Template:MUNI legend | 2007 | Sunnydale station | Chinatown station | |
Rolling stockEdit
| CitationClass=web
}}</ref><ref name="breda">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |
CitationClass=web
}}</ref><ref name="S200SFspec" /> | ||
| Manufacturer | Boeing Vertol | Breda | Siemens |
|---|---|---|---|
| Model | US SLRV | San Francisco LRV | S200 SF |
| Muni designation | LRV1 | LRV2/3Template:Efn | LRV4 |
| Image | File:San Francisco Boeing LRV 1273 turning onto San Jose Ave from 30th St on the J-line in 1993 (cropped).jpg | File:Outbound train approaching San Jose and Randall (2), November 2019.JPG | File:Muni 2022 at Van Ness station, June 2018.JPG |
| Dates in Service | 1979–2002 | 1996–2027 (projected) | 2017–present |
| Quantity | 131Template:Efn | 151Template:Efn | 249Template:Efn |
| Trucks/Axles | 3 trucks (2 powered), 6 axles (total) | ||
| Axle arrangement | B-2-B | Bo-2-Bo | |
| Articulations | 1 | ||
| Length | Template:Cvt | Template:Cvt | |
| Width | Template:Cvt | Template:Cvt | Template:Cvt |
| Height | Template:Cvt | ||
| Weight (empty) | Template:Cvt | Template:Cvt<ref name="SFmag" /> | Template:Cvt |
| Traction | Chopper control 2 × Template:Cvt DC motors |
GE GTO–VVVF<ref name="breda" /> 4 × Template:Cvt AC motors |
Siemens IGBT–VVVF 4 × Template:Cvt AC motors |
| Power | Template:Cvt | Template:Cvt | Template:Cvt |
| Capacity | 68 seated, 219 maximum | 60 seated, 218 maximum | 60 seated, 203 maximum |
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Notes Template:Notelist
LRV 1: Boeing Vertol US SLRV (1979–2002)Edit
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Muni Metro first operated Boeing Vertol-made US Standard Light Rail Vehicles (USSLRV), which were built for Muni Metro and Boston's MBTA.<ref name="trolleylemons">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="LRVjunkyard" /> Boeing had no experience in making LRVs,<ref name="trolleylemons" /> and has not made another since.<ref name="LRVjunkyard">Template:Cite news</ref> The first cars of the initial 100-car order arrived in San Francisco in 1978; Boston had been running the cars since 1976 and by 1978, MBTA was already returning 35 cars for manufacturing defects.<ref name="trolleylemons" /> After receipt of the first cars, MBTA forced Boeing to make 70 to 80 modifications on each car. Boeing ended up paying Template:US$ in damages to Boston.<ref name="trolleylemons" /> The purchase price for each car was Template:US$.<ref name="trolleylemons" />
The federal government offered to provide 80% of the funds for design and production of the USSLRV<ref name="LRVjunkyard" /> in exchange for a commitment to keep the cars in service for at least 25 years,<ref name="trolleylemons" /> but the cars, as-delivered, were prone to jammed doors, defective brakes and motors, leaky roofs, mechanical breakdowns, and were involved in several accidents.<ref name="trolleylemons" /> Muni Metro added 30 more cars to the fleet; these 30 had been rejected by MBTA after suffering numerous breakdowns.<ref name="LRVjunkyard" /><ref name="SFC-980921" />
In 1982, the Boeing cars averaged only Template:Convert between breakdowns; by 1988 this had improved to Template:Convert between breakdowns.<ref name="trolleylemons" /> In 1998, Rudy Nothenberg, president of the Public Transportation Commission, said the Boeing cars were "impossible to maintain and [...] have many, many design flaws;"<ref name="trolleylemons" /> that same year, Muni was only able to supply 66–72 working cars for rush-hour service instead of the required 99 cars, resulting in system delays.<ref name="SFC-980921">Template:Cite news</ref> Despite the shortcomings of the USSLRV design, these cars constituted the entire light rail fleet until 1996, when new Breda-manufactured cars were put into service,<ref name="NewBreda">Template:Cite news</ref> replacing Boeing cars as they were accepted for service.<ref name="trolleylemons" /> By 1998, the 136-car Muni Metro fleet consisted of 57 Boeing Vertol cars and 79 Breda cars.<ref name="trolleylemons" />
Two Boeing cars were preserved for potential donation to the San Francisco Railway Museum, but have since been scrapped;<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> five were sold to the Greater Manchester Passenger Transport Authority for the modest price of Template:US$ to Template:US$ each; one was acquired by the Oregon Electric Railway Historical Society in 2001, but the Society declined to take any more Boeing cars after experiencing several breakdowns.<ref name="LRVjunkyard" /> Boeing car no. 1258 has been on exhibit at the Western Railway Museum near Suisun City since its acquisition in 2002.<ref name="WRM">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
LRV 2 & LRV 3: Breda (1996–present)Edit
The first of four prototypes of the new Breda cars was delivered in January 1995.<ref name="PTJ-Mar1995">Template:Cite news</ref> After delivery of additional cars and training of operators, the cars began to enter service on December 10, 1996. They were the most expensive street railway vehicles built to-date, at a cost of Template:US$ each, and they were assembled at Pier 80.<ref name="NewBreda" /> After suffering initial breakdowns<ref name="Bredabreakdowns">Template:Cite news</ref> and despite facing complaints of noise and vibrations,<ref name="BredaNoise">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="SFC-981006">Template:Cite news</ref> the Bredas gradually replaced the Boeings, with the last Boeing car being retired in 2002.<ref name="LRVjunkyard" /> Residents along streetcar lines complained the new Breda cars would screech during acceleration and deceleration and their Template:Convert weight, Template:Convert heavier than the Boeing cars,<ref name="BredaNoise" /> was blamed for vibration issues.<ref name="SFC-981006" /> At one point in 1998, 12 Breda cars were unavailable for service due to door problems.<ref name="Bredabreakdowns" /> Faulty couplers on the Breda cars have been blamed for reduced train capacity, as multiple cars are not able to be coupled together as intended.<ref name="SFmag">Template:Cite magazine</ref>
Muni originally ordered 35 cars from Breda in 1991, and exercised options to add another 116 cars throughout the 1990s, including an option to purchase another 15 cars in 1999.<ref name="SFMTA-2013-02">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="MoreBreda">Template:Cite news</ref> The fleet had 151 LRVs in 2014, all made by Breda.<ref name="Fleet Plan" /><ref name="NewRide">Template:Cite news</ref> The double-ended cars are Template:Convert long, Template:Convert wide, Template:Convert high, have graffiti-resistant windows, and contain an air-conditioning system to maintain a temperature of Template:Convert inside the car.<ref name="BeefyBreda">Template:Cite news</ref> The Breda cars feature four doors per car, versus three for the Boeing (only the middle two doors of the Boeing cars were available while in the tunnels due to the cars' end curvature).<ref name="NewBreda" /> The initial batch of 136 Breda cars were ordered on contracts exceeding Template:US$, for an average per-car cost of Template:US$; the option of 15 additional cars was exercised on a contract worth Template:US$, making the last batch of 15 cars Template:US$ each.<ref name="MoreBreda" />
By 2011, the fleet of Breda LRVs was only able to manage a mean distance between failures (MDBF) of Template:Convert.<ref>Template:Cite report</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
The last LRV2 was retired on 12/12/2023.<ref name="SFMTA-2014">Template:Cite report</ref><ref name="ptj2024-3">Template:Cite magazine</ref>
LRV 4: Siemens S200 SF (2017–present)Edit
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With the Breda cars growing increasingly unreliable and the system expanding with the construction of the Central Subway, Muni requested bids for a new generation of light rail vehicles. Muni prequalified CAF, Kawasaki and Siemens to bid on the request while Breda was disqualified based on a ranking of potential bidders.<ref name="NewRide" />
The contract was awarded to Siemens for the purchase of up to 260 cars to be delivered in three phases: the initial firm order of 24 cars would accommodate the Central Subway; the next firm order of 151 cars would replace all of the Breda vehicles and an option to purchase up to 85 additional cars, funding permitting, to accommodate projected ridership growth through 2040.<ref name="1.2Bil">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="NewRide" /> A grant of $41Template:Nbspmillion from the California Transportation Agency awarded on July 2, 2015, allowed Muni to purchase 40 additional Siemens light rail vehicles.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Upon awarding the contract, Muni officials cited several lessons learned from the prior Breda contract, including not buying enough cars, dictating too much of the design, lax reliability requirements and a failure to account for maintenance costs.<ref name="1.2Bil" /> The Template:US$ contract for 175 cars (the first two phases) was signed by Mayor Ed Lee in September 2014, making the cost of each car approximately Template:US$.<ref name="SFC-140920">Template:Cite news</ref>
Muni ultimately purchased 249 vehicles: the 175 cars from the first two phases, 44 additional cars,<ref name="Kirschbaum-2019-11">Template:Cite report</ref> and surplus 30 cars were contracted in 2021.
DesignEdit
Siemens has named the new Muni cars the S200 SF while the SFMTA refers to them as the LRV4. They operate at speeds of up to Template:Convert.<ref name="S200SFspec">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The S200 SF is Template:Convert long, Template:Convert wide, Template:Convert high (with the pantograph locked down), and weighs Template:Convert, making it comparable in size and weight to the existing Breda cars.<ref name="S200SFspec" /> The expected maximum capacity is 203 passengers per car.<ref name="S200SFspec" /> They are expected to have the same coupling device as the Breda cars; however, the new Siemens trains can couple up to five cars at a time.<ref name="Fleet Plan" /><ref name="1.2Bil" /><ref name="S200SFspec" /> The new S200 SF vehicles are projected to be able to run Template:Convert between maintenance intervals.<ref name="FirstFleet" /> Initially, the new cars had a mean distance between failures (MDBF) of Template:Convert shortly after being delivered; by August 2019, the MDBF had improved to Template:Convert.<ref name="SFE-190924">Template:Cite news</ref>
Service historyEdit
Siemens publicly unveiled a full-size mockup of the S200 SF in San Francisco on June 16, 2015.<ref name="RailwayAge">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The first car was delivered from the Siemens plant in Sacramento to San Francisco on January 13, 2017. A test car passed a CPUC regulatory inspection in early November 2017 and car #2006 was the first LRV to enter revenue service on November 17, 2017, following a ribbon-cutting ceremony at Duboce and Church.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
The first 68 cars were used to expand the Muni fleet to 219 cars and once the fleet reached that total in October 2019, Breda cars would be retired as new Siemens cars are accepted.<ref name="ReadyRoll">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Kirschbaum-2019-11" />
It is expected that deliveries of cars will continue through 2028.<ref name="FirstFleet">Template:Cite news</ref>
Fares and operationsEdit
Muni Metro runs from approximately 5 am to 1 am weekdays, with later start times of 7 am on Saturday and 8 am on Sunday.<ref name="metroservicetimes">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Owl service, or late-night service, is provided along much of the L and N lines by buses that bear the same route designation.<ref name="metroservicetimes" />
The cash fare for Muni Metro, like Muni buses, effective January 1, 2020, is $3 for adults and $1.50 for seniors, and the disabled, and free for youths 5–19. Clipper and MuniMobile fares are lower than cash fares. Their fares are $2.50 for adults. For all people under 20 service is free.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Muni currently operates a Free Muni for Seniors program that provides low- and moderate-income seniors residing in San Francisco free access to all Muni transit services, including Muni's cable cars. Free Muni is open to all San Francisco senior Clipper card holders, ages 65 and over, with a gross annual family income at or below 100 percent of the Bay Area median income level (qualifying income levels are posted on the program's web page). Enrollment is not automatic. To participate in the program, a qualified senior must have or obtain a Clipper card and submit an application either online or by mail.
Like Muni buses, the Muni Metro operates on a proof-of-payment system;<ref name="POP">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> on paying a fare, the passenger will receive a ticket good for travel on any bus, historic streetcar, or Metro vehicle for 120 minutes.<ref name="metrofares">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Payment methods depend on boarding location. On surface street sections in the south and west of the city, passengers must board at the front of the train and pay their fare to the train operator to receive their ticket; those who already have a ticket, or who have a daily, weekly, or monthly pass, can board at any door of the Metro streetcar.<ref name="POP" /> Subway stations have controlled entries via faregates, and passengers usually purchase or show Muni staff a ticket in order to enter the platform area. Faregates closest to an unmanned Muni staff booth open automatically if a passenger has a valid pass or transfer that cannot be scanned.<ref name="POP" /> Muni's fare inspectors may board trains at any time to check for proof of payment from passengers.<ref name="POP" />
All cars are also equipped with Clipper card readers near each entrance, which riders may use to tag their cards to pay their fare. The cards themselves are then used as proof of payment; fare inspectors carry handheld card readers that can verify that payment was made. In subway stations, riders instead tag their cards on the faregates to gain access to the platforms.
See alsoEdit
- Market Street Railway and other rail lines operated by MUNI:
- SelTrac, the automated train system used in the Market Street subway
- Light rail in the United States
- Streetcars in North America
- List of United States light rail systems by ridership
- List of North American light rail systems by ridership
- List of California railroads
- List of tram and light rail transit systems
NotesEdit
ReferencesEdit
External linksEdit
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