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Secular state

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Template:Nowrap is an idea pertaining to secularity, whereby a state is or purports to be officially neutral in matters of religion, supporting neither religion nor irreligion.<ref name="MadeleyEnyedi2003">Template:Cite book</ref> A secular state claims to treat all its citizens equally regardless of religion, and claims to avoid preferential treatment for a citizen based on their religious beliefs, affiliation or lack of either over those with other profiles.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Although secular states have no state religion, the absence of an established state religion does not mean that a state is completely secular or egalitarian. For example, some states that describe themselves as secular have religious references in their national anthems and flags, laws that benefit one religion or another, or are members of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation and of the International Religious Freedom or Belief Alliance.

Origin and practiceEdit

Secularity can be established at a state's creation (e.g., the Soviet Union, the United States) or by it later secularizing (e.g., France or Nepal). Movements for laïcité in France and separation of church and state in the United States have defined modern concepts of secularism, the United States of America being the first explicitly secular government in history. Historically, the process of secularisation typically involves granting religious freedom, disestablishing state religions, stopping public funds being used for religion, freeing the legal system from religious control, freeing up the education system, tolerating citizens who change religion or abstain from religion, and allowing political leaders to come to power regardless of their religious beliefs.<ref>Jean Baubérot The secular principle Template:Webarchive</ref>

In France, Italy, and Spain, for example, official holidays for the public administration tend to be Christian feast days. Any private school in France that contracts with Éducation nationale means its teachers are salaried by the state—most of the Catholic schools are in this situation and, because of history, they are the majority; however, any other religious or non-religious schools also contract this way.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> In some European states where secularism confronts monoculturalist philanthropy, some of the main Christian denominations and sects of other religions depend on the state for some of the financial resources for their religious charities.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It is common in corporate law and charity law to prohibit organized religion from using those funds to organize religious worship in a separate place of worship or for conversion; the religious body itself must provide the religious content, educated clergy and laypersons to exercise its own functions and may choose to devote part of their time to the separate charities. To that effect, some of those charities establish secular organizations that manage part of or all of the donations from the main religious bodies.

Many states that are nowadays secular in practice may have legal vestiges of an earlier established religion. Secularism also has various guises that may coincide with some degree of official religiosity. In the United Kingdom, the head of state is still required to take the Coronation Oath enacted in 1688, swearing to maintain the Protestant Reformed religion and to preserve the established Church of England.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The UK also maintains seats in the House of Lords for 26 senior clergymen of the Church of England, known as the Lords Spiritual.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In Canada the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms affords secular freedoms of conscience and religion, thought, belief, opinion and expression, including communication, assembly and association yet the Charter's preamble maintains the concept of "the supremacy of God" which would appear to disadvantage those who hold nontheistic or polytheistic beliefs, including Atheism and Buddhism.<ref name="Hogg, Peter W. 1982">Hogg, Peter W. Canada Act 1982 Annotated. Toronto, Canada: The Carswell Company Limited, 1982.</ref><ref name="Paul Russell">Paul Russell, "The supremacy of God" does not belong in the Constitution": The Globe & Mail, June 11, 1999</ref> Italy has been a secular state since the enactment of the Constitution in 1948 (stressed by a Constitutional court's decision in 1989),<ref>Articles 3, 7, 8, 19, 20 of the Constitution of Italy; Constitutional Court's Decision n. 203/1989</ref> but still recognizes a special status for the Catholic Church. The reverse progression can also occur, however; a state can go from being secular to being a religious state, as in the case of Iran where the secularized Imperial State of Iran was replaced by an Islamic Republic. Nonetheless, the last 250 years has seen a trend towards secularism.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

List of secular states by continentEdit

Template:See also This is the list of countries that are explicitly described as secular in their constitutions or other official state documents.

AfricaEdit

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|CitationClass=web }}, Article 8: "The Republic of Angola shall be a secular State..."</ref>

|CitationClass=web }}: "The Republic of Benin shall be one - indivisible, secular, and democratic."</ref>

|CitationClass=web }}: "Burkina Faso is a democratic, unitary and secular state."</ref>

|CitationClass=web }}: "... the State shall be secular."</ref>

|CitationClass=web }}: "Chad is a sovereign, independent, secular, social, and indivisible ..."</ref>

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|CitationClass=web }}, Article 30: "The Republic of Côte d’Ivoire is one and indivisible, secular, democratic and social."</ref>

|CitationClass=web }}, article 1er: "République Démocratique du Congo est, dans ses frontières du 30 juin 1960, un État de droit, indépendant, souverain, uni et indivisible, social, démocratique et laïc."</ref>

|CitationClass=web }}, Article 1: "The Republic of the Congo is a sovereign and independent State, decentralized, indivisible, secular, democratic, and social."</ref>

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|CitationClass=web }}, Article 1: "The Malagasy People constitute a nation organized as a sovereign, unitary, republican and secular State."</ref>

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|CitationClass=web }}, Article 1: "The Republic of Namibia is hereby established as a sovereign, secular, democratic and unitary State ..."</ref>

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AmericasEdit

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AsiaEdit

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|CitationClass=web }}, "We, The People of India having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a Sovereign Socialist Secular Democratic Republic and to secure to all its..."</ref>

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  • Template:Flag<ref>Template:Harvnb: "After 2005, the Marxist-Leninist government of reunified Nepal declared the state atheist while theoretically allowing people the right to practice their religion under the constitution."</ref>
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|CitationClass=web }}, "The separation of Church and State shall be inviolable."</ref>

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|CitationClass=web }}, Article 1: "The Republic of Tajikistan is a sovereign, democratic, law-governed, secular, and unitary State."</ref>

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|CitationClass=web }}, Article 1: "Turkmenistan is a democratic secular state ..."</ref>

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  • Template:Flag<ref>Template:Harvnb: "After 1975, the Marxist-Leninist government of reunified Vietnam declared the state atheist while theoretically allowing people the right to practice their religion under the constitution."</ref>

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EuropeEdit

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  • Template:Flag<ref>In Belgium, Article 20 of the Constitution provides: No one can be obliged to contribute in any way whatsoever to the acts and ceremonies of religion, nor to observe the days of rest. {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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OceaniaEdit

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  • Template:Flag<ref>Section 2 of Article IV of the Micronesian constitution provides, "no law may be passed respecting an establishment of religion or impairing the free exercise of religion, except that assistance may be provided to parochial schools for non-religious purposes." {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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Transcontinental countriesEdit

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Formerly secular statesEdit

  • Template:Flag (1972–1977)
    • The current Constitution of Bangladesh declares Islam as the state religion,<ref>Article 2A:
      The state religion of the Republic is Islam, but the State shall ensure equal status and equal right in the practice of the Hindu, Buddhist, Christian and other religions.</ref> but also accepts the secularism as one of the fundamental principles of state policy.<ref>Article 8:
      (1) The principles of nationalism, socialism, democracy and secularism, together with the principles derived from those as set out in this Part, shall constitute the fundamental principles of state policy.
      (2) The principles set out in this Part shall be fundamental to the governance of Bangladesh, shall be applied by the State in the making of laws, shall be a guide to the interpretation of the Constitution and of the other laws of Bangladesh, and shall form the basis of the work of the State and of its citizens, but shall not be judicially enforceable.</ref>
    • In 1977, secularism was removed from the constitution by a martial law directive during the military dictatorship of Ziaur Rahman. In 1988, the Parliament of Bangladesh declared Islam as the state religion during the presidency of Hussain Muhammad Ershad. In 2010, the Bangladesh Supreme Court ruled that the removal of secularism in 1977 was illegal because it was done by an unconstitutional martial law regime.
  • Template:Flagicon image Democratic Republic of Afghanistan (1978–1987)
  • Template:Flagicon image People's Republic of Kampuchea (1979–1993)
    • Kampuchea was a secular state from 1979 until the restoration of its monarchy in 1993.
  • Template:Flag (1977–2010)
    • Djibouti became a secular state after gaining independence from France in 1977. Islam was installed as the state religion in 2010.

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Ambiguous countriesEdit

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    • There is constitutional ambiguity whether Bangladesh is a secular country or an Islamic country. In 2010, the high court of Bangladesh reinstated secularism as a part of the Bangladesh constitution after terming the 1977 constitutional amendment done by then Bangladesh President Ziaur Rahman as illegal.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> Political leaders and experts have expressed uncertainty if Bangladesh is a secular state or an Islamic state.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>Bangladesh regime changes often advocate for different type of religious freedom as in secularism or pluarism.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

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    • In Article 3 of the Constitution of Malaysia, Islam is stated as the official religion of the country: "Islam is the religion of the Federation; but other religions may be practiced in peace and harmony in any part of the Federation." In 1956, the Alliance party submitted a memorandum to the Reid Commission, which was responsible for drafting the Malayan constitution. The memorandum quoted: "The religion of Malaya shall be Islam. The observance of this principle shall not impose any disability on non-Muslim nationals professing and practicing their own religion and shall not imply that the state is not a secular state."<ref>Tan Sri Datuk Ahmad Ibrahim, Our Constitution and Islamic Faith, p. 8, 25 August 1987, New Straits Times</ref> The full text of the Memorandum was inserted into paragraph 169 of the Commission Report.<ref>Islam's status in our secular charter, Richard Y.W. Yeoh, Director, Institute of Research for Social Advancement, 20 July 2006, The Sun, Letters (Used by permission)</ref> This suggestion was later carried forward in the Federation of Malaya Constitutional Proposals 1957 (White Paper), specifically quoted in paragraph 57: "There has been included in the proposed Federal Constitution a declaration that Islam is the religion of the Federation. This will in no way affect the present position of the Federation as a secular State...."<ref>Federation of Malaya Constitutional Proposals Kuala Lumpur: Government Printer 1957–Articles 53-61 Template:Webarchive (PDF document) hosted by Centre for Public Policy Studies Malaysia, retrieved 8 February 2013</ref> The Cobbold Commission also made another similar quote in 1962: "....we are agreed that Islam should be the national religion for the Federation. We are satisfied that the proposal in no way jeopardises freedom of religion in the Federation, which in effect would be secular."<ref>The birth of Malaysia: A reprint of the Report of the Commission of Enquiry, North Borneo and Sarawak, 1962 (Cobbold report) and the Report of the Inter-governmental Committee, (1962–I.G.C. report), p. 58</ref> In December 1987, the Lord President of the Supreme Court, Salleh Abas described Malaysia as governed by "secular law" in a court ruling.<ref>Wan Azhar Wan Ahmad, Historical legal perspective, 17 March 2009, The Star (Malaysia)</ref>
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    • The 2025 Interim Constitution of Syria carries much of the same context of religion as prior constitutions, albeit with a slight wording change regarding the influence of Islamic jurisprudence on legislation. The new constitution however does not explicitly designate a State Religion in the same way as various other Middle Eastern countries do. Article 3 states "The religion of the President of the Republic is Islam; Islamic jurisprudence is the principal source of legislation.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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See alsoEdit

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NotesEdit

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ReferencesEdit

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BibliographyEdit

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  • Temperman, Jeroen, State Religion Relationships and Human Rights Law: Towards a Right to Religiously Neutral Governance, BRILL, 2010, Template:ISBN

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