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A fan vault is a form of vault used in the Gothic style, in which the ribs are all of the same curve and spaced equidistantly, in a manner resembling a fan. The initiation and propagation of this design element is strongly associated with England.
The earliest example, dating from about 1351,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> may be seen in the cloisters of Gloucester Cathedral.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The largest fan vault in the world can be found in King's College Chapel, Cambridge.
The fan vault is peculiar to England. The lierne vault of the cathedral of Barbastro in northern Spain closely resembles a fan vault, but it does not form a perfect conoid. John Harvey (1978) suggests Catherine of Aragon as a possible source of English influence in Aragon.<ref name="harvey"/>
Birth of the fan vaultEdit
The fan vault is attributed to development in Gloucester between 1351 and 1377,<ref name="harvey"> Template:Cite book</ref> with the earliest known surviving example being the east cloister walk of Gloucester Cathedral.<ref>David Verey, Gloucestershire, Yale University Press, New Haven, Connecticut, USA (1976)</ref> Harvey (1978) hypothesises that the east cloister at Gloucester was finished under Thomas de Cantebrugge from the hamlet of Cambridge, Gloucestershire, who left in 1364 to work on the chapter house at Hereford Cathedral (also thought to have been fan vaulted on the basis of a drawing by William Stukeley).<ref> Template:Cite book </ref> The other three parts of the cloister at Gloucester were begun in 1381, possibly under Robert Lesyngham.
Other examples of early fan vaults exist around Gloucester, implying the activity of several 14th century master masons in that region.Template:Citation needed
StructureEdit
The ribs of a fan vault are of equal curvature and rotated at equal distances around a central (vertical) axis, forming the conoid shape which gives rise to the name. In between sequences of conoids, flat central spandrels fill the space. According to Leedy (1980), the fan vault was developed in England (as opposed to France and other centres of Gothic architecture) due to the manner in which English rib vaults were normally constructed.<ref name="leedy"/> In an English rib vault, the courses are laid perpendicular to the rib while in France they are laid perpendicular to the wall.
Buildings with fan vaultingEdit
Medieval and Early ModernEdit
- Gloucester Cathedral, cloisters, earliest fan vaulting begun 1373 by Abbot Horton
- King's College Chapel, Cambridge, the world's largest fan vault (1512–1515)
- Bath Abbey, Somerset, nave and chancel (1860s restoration; originally by William Vertue)
- Brasenose College, Oxford, Chapel ceiling – a spectacular example of plaster pendant fan vaulting
- Canterbury Cathedral, crossing tower by John Wastell, Henry VI's chantry chapel
- Christ Church, Oxford, staircase to the great hall
- Church of St Andrew, Mells, Somerset, porch<ref name="leedy"/>
- Church of St John the Baptist, Axbridge, Somerset, crossing<ref name="leedy">Template:Cite book</ref>
- Church of St Peter and St Paul, Muchelney, Somerset, under the tower<ref name="leedy"/>
- Church of St. John the Baptist, Cirencester, Gloucestershire, porch and north chapel
- Collegiate Church of St Mary, Warwick, Dean's Chapel
- Convocation House, Oxford
- Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, main gateway
- Ely Cathedral, Bishop Alcock's chantry chapel
- Eton College Chapel (the vault dates from 1958)
- Hampton Court Palace, Great Gate and oriel window in the Great Hall
- Henry VII's Lady Chapel, Westminster Abbey, London, 1503–1509<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref> (with pendants, by William Vertue)
- Lincoln's Inn Chapel, undercroft<ref name="Teller2004">Template:Cite book</ref>
- Manchester Cathedral, under the tower
- Milton Abbey, Dorset, crossing (by William Smyth)<ref name="harvey"/>
- Peterborough Cathedral, Cambridgeshire, retrochoir
- Red Mount Chapel, King's Lynn
- Sherborne Abbey, Dorset, quire c. 1430, nave c. 1490 (by William Smyth)<ref name="harvey"/>
- St Andrew's Church, Cullompton, Devon, south aisle
- St Bartholomew's Church, Tong, Shropshire, chantry chapel<ref name="leedy"/>
- St David's Cathedral, Wales, Trinity Chapel
- St Mary Aldermary, London (by Christopher Wren)
- St Mary's Church, North Leigh, Oxfordshire, Wilcote chantry chapel<ref name="leedy"/>
- St Mary's Church, Ottery St Mary, Devon, aisle
- St Stephen's cloister at the Palace of Westminster (1529)<ref>Westminster Palace Template:Webarchive – English Heritage images</ref>
- St. George's Chapel, Windsor, crossing, Urswick chantry chapel
- Tewkesbury Abbey, cloister (only one bay remains)
- University College, Oxford, gatehouse vaults
- University Church of St Mary the Virgin, Oxford, porch
- Wells Cathedral, crossing (by William Smyth)<ref name="harvey"/>
- Winchester Cathedral, Beaufort and Waynflete chantry chapels
- St. Mary's Church, Putney, Bishop West chapel
Gothic RevivalEdit
- Centre Block, Parliament of Canada, Ottawa
- Eastnor Castle, drawing room
- Grand Theatre, Leeds
- Harkness Tower, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, US<ref>Harkness Tower Memorial Hall</ref>
- House of Lords lobbies, committee staircase, in the Palace of Westminster
- John Rylands Library, baconcy, Manchester
- Middlesex Guildhall, Westminster
- Palau de la Música Catalana, Barcelona
- Basilica Minore de San Sebastián, Manila, Philippines
- St John's, Edinburgh
- St Mary's Church, Wellingborough, Northamptonshire
- Saint Patrick's Church, New Orleans, Louisiana, US (apsidal fan vault)
- Strawberry Hill, Twickenham, London
- Unitarian Church in Charleston, South Carolina, US
- Washington National Cathedral, Washington, DC, US (Children's Chapel)
- Wills Memorial Building, University of Bristol
- Cathedral Basilica of Christ the King, Hamilton, Ontario
See alsoEdit
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