Birjand

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Birjand (Template:Langx;<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> {{#invoke:IPA|main}})Template:Efn is a city in the Central District of Birjand County, South Khorasan province, Iran, serving as capital of both the county and the district.<ref name="Khorasan Province Structure">Template:Cite report</ref> The city is known for its saffron, barberry, jujube, and handmade carpet exports.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

HistoryEdit

File:Arly Tourists in Birjand.jpg

Cossacks in Birjand, circa 1909.

The first citation of the city in the historical literature belongs to the famous book Mojem Alboldan, by Yaqut Homavi (13th century) which introduces the Birjand as the most beautiful town in the Qohestan. Before this, Birjand had been probably not as big and important as a municipality but rather as a rural community. However, the Birjand geographical area had its historical and political importance long before the emergence of the city of Birjand. Many citations of the region are available in the original literature like Ehya -ol- Molook of the once important localities in the area. Apart from literature, the oldest evidence on the history of the region is the ancient Lakh-Mazar inscription in the Kooch village some Template:Convert southeast of Birjand. Numerous fine drawings and inscriptions are carved on an igneous rock surface. The inscriptions include pictograms as well as Arsacid Pahlavi, Sasanian Pahlavi, Arabic and Persian scripts.<ref>Research articles collection (archaeology, ancient inscriptions): Lakh-Mazar, Birjand. Rajab Ali Labbaf Khaniki, Rassul Bashash Kanzaq. 25. Iranian Cultural Heritage Organization. Summer 1994.</ref>

In 1931, Birjand Municipality was opened under the name of Birjand Municipality next to the tomb of Hakim Nazari and started its activities with 12 employees. The first mayor of Birjand was Mr. Afshar, who served as mayor for six years.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

DemographicsEdit

PopulationEdit

Template:Historical populations At the time of the 2006 National Census, the city's population was 157,848 in 41,341 households.<ref name="2006 South Khorasan Province">Template:Cite report</ref> The following census in 2011 counted 178,020 people in 48,130 households.<ref name="2011 South Khorasan Province">Template:Cite report</ref> The 2016 census measured the population of the city as 203,636 people in 57,745 households.<ref name="2016 South Khorasan Province">Template:Cite report</ref>

ReligionEdit

The people of Birjand follow (Shia) Islam.<ref>تاریخچه شهر بیرجند History of Birjand City</ref>

ClimateEdit

Birjand has a cool arid climate (Köppen BWk) bordering upon a cool semi-arid climate (BSk) with hot to sweltering summers, cool winters and a significant difference between day and night temperatures. Precipitation falls mostly in winter and spring. Template:Weather box

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TransportationEdit

AirportEdit

File:Birjand-airport-3.jpg

Birjand-airport

In 1933, due to the political and military situation of Birjand city and the east of the country, Birjand airport was established on a 150-hectare land in the north of the city.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

CustomsEdit

In 1938, in order to facilitate the transportation, export and import of goods to the subcontinent of India and Afghanistan, the Birjand Customs Office was established and started its activities with two customs units, Dareh and Gezik.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

HealthEdit

Imam Reza HospitalEdit

In 1948, Imam Reza Hospital was established in one of the lands and endowments belonging to the Alam family, known as Bagh-e Anari. In addition to accepting patients in Birjand city, this hospital also accepted other patients in southern cities of Khorasan province.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

EducationEdit

It is said that the Shokatiyeh School in Birjand together with Darolfonoon in Tehran were the first modern public schools of higher education in Iran in the mid-19th century. Ever since then, Birjand has amassed an abundance of institutions of higher education and become an important location for research and development.

UniversitiesEdit

In 1975, following Dr. Mohammad Hassan Ganji, the Birjand Institute of Higher Education was established in the Assadollah Alam Endowment Collection. This university started with the admission of 120 students in the fields of mathematics, physics and chemistry and is now officially known as Birjand University.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The city contains such universities and academic institutions as: