Template:Short description Template:Other ships Template:Good article
Template:Infobox ship imageTemplate:Infobox ship careerTemplate:Infobox ship characteristicsDuilio (often known as Caio Duilio) was an Italian Template:Sclass that served in the Regia Marina during World War I and World War II. She was named after the Roman fleet commander Gaius Duilius. Duilio was laid down in February 1912, launched in April 1913, and completed in May 1916. She was initially armed with a main battery of thirteen Template:Convert guns, but a major reconstruction in the late 1930s replaced these with ten Template:Cvt guns. Duilio saw no action during World War I owing to the inactivity of the Austro-Hungarian fleet during the conflict. She cruised the Mediterranean in the 1920s and was involved in the Corfu incident in 1923.
During World War II, she participated in numerous patrols and sorties into the Mediterranean, both to escort Italian convoys to North Africa and in attempts to catch the British Mediterranean Fleet. In November 1940, the British launched an air raid on Taranto; Duilio was hit by one torpedo launched by a Fairey Swordfish torpedo bomber, which caused significant damage. Repairs lasted some five months, after which the ship returned to convoy escort duties. A fuel shortage immobilized the bulk of the Italian surface fleet in 1942, and Duilio remained out of service until the Italian surrender in September 1943. She was thereafter interned at Malta until 1944, when the Allies permitted her return to Italian waters. She survived the war, and continued to serve in the post-war Italian navy, primarily as a training ship. Duilio was placed in reserve for a final time in 1953; she remained in the Italian navy's inventory for another three years before she was stricken from the naval register in late 1956 and sold for scrapping the following year.
DesignEdit
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Duilio was Template:Convert long overall and had a beam of Template:Convert and a draft of Template:Convert. At full combat load, she displaced up to Template:Convert. The ship had a forecastle deck that extended for the first third of the hull. Her superstructure consisted of a small, armored conning tower aft of the forward pair of main gun turrets and a second tower aft. As built, she was fitted with two tripod masts. She had a crew of 35 officers and 1,198 enlisted men.<ref name=GG260>Fraccaroli, p. 260</ref>
She was powered by four Parsons steam turbines, which drove four screw propellers. Steam was provided by eight oil-fired and twelve coal- and oil-burning Yarrow boilers that were ducted into two large and widely spaced funnels. The engines were rated at Template:Convert, which provided a top speed of Template:Convert. She had a cruising radius of Template:Convert at a more economical speed of Template:Convert.<ref name=GG260/>
The ship was armed with a main battery of thirteen [[305 mm /46 Model 1909|Template:Cvt]] 46-caliber guns in three triple turrets and two twin turrets. The secondary battery comprised sixteen [[Cannone da 152/45|Template:Cvt]] 45-caliber guns, all mounted in casemates clustered around the forward and aft main battery turrets. Duilio was also armed with thirteen [[QF 14 pounder naval gun Mk I & II naval gun|Template:Cvt]] 50-caliber guns and six 76-mm anti-aircraft guns. As was customary for capital ships of the period, she was equipped with three submerged Template:Cvt torpedo tubes.<ref name=GG260/>
She was protected with Krupp cemented steel manufactured by U.S. Steel. The belt armor was Template:Cvt thick and the main deck was Template:Convert thick. The conning tower and main battery turrets were protected with Template:Convert worth of armor plating.<ref name=GG260/>
ModificationsEdit
Duilio was extensively rebuilt in 1937–1940 at Genoa. Her forecastle deck was extended further aft, until it reached the mainmast. The stern and bow were rebuilt, increasing the length of the ship to Template:Convert, and the displacement grew to Template:Convert. Her old machinery was replaced with more efficient equipment and her twenty boilers were replaced with eight oil-fired models; the new power plant was rated at Template:Convert and speed increased to Template:Convert. The ship's amidships turret was removed and the remaining guns were bored out to Template:Convert. Her secondary battery was completely overhauled; the 152 mm guns were replaced with twelve [[135 mm /45 Italian naval gun|Template:Convert guns]] in triple turrets amidships. The anti-aircraft battery was significantly improved, to include ten [[Cannone da 90/53#Naval version|Template:Convert]] guns, fifteen [[Cannone-Mitragliera da 37/54 (Breda)|Template:Convert 54-cal. guns]], and sixteen [[Breda Model 35|Template:Convert]] guns. Later, during World War II, four more 37 mm guns were installed and two of the 20 mm guns were removed. After emerging from the modernization, DuilioTemplate:'s crew numbered 35 officers and 1,450 enlisted men.<ref name=GC284>Roberts, p. 284</ref>
Service historyEdit
Duilio was laid down at the Regio Cantieri di Castellammare di Stabia on 24 February 1912. She was launched on 24 April 1913, and completed on 10 May 1916.<ref name=GG260/> She saw no action in World War I, given the fact that the Austro-Hungarian fleet, Italy's main naval rival, remained in port for the duration of the conflict.<ref name=W165/> In addition, Admiral Paolo Thaon di Revel, the Italian naval chief of staff, believed that Austro-Hungarian submarines and minelayers could operate too effectively in the narrow waters of the Adriatic. The threat from these underwater weapons to his capital ships was too serious for him to use the fleet in an active way.<ref>Halpern, p. 150</ref> Instead, Revel decided to implement blockade at the relatively safer southern end of the Adriatic with the battle fleet, while smaller vessels, such as the MAS boats, conducted raids on Austro-Hungarian ships and installations. Meanwhile, Revel's battleships would be preserved to confront the Austro-Hungarian battle fleet in the event that it sought a decisive engagement.<ref>Halpern, pp. 141–142</ref>
As a result, Duilio only went on four patrols during the war, and was operational for a total of 70 hours. She was based at Taranto starting in November 1918 to April 1919, but during that time, she deployed to Corfu, from 10 November 1918 to 26 January 1919.<ref name=W165>Whitley, p. 165</ref> On 26 April 1919, Duilio was sent to Smyrna to help mediate a dispute over ownership of the area. While there, she had a confrontation with the Greek armored cruiser Template:Ship, but this was defused when the Greeks landed troops to occupy Smyrna. On 9 June, she was relieved by the old pre-dreadnought battleship Template:Ship, allowing her to move to Constantinople.<ref>Whitley, pp. 165–166</ref>
During her deployment to Turkey, Duilio entered the Black Sea to support the White Russians in the Russian Civil War, from 23 June to 13 July. During this period, she was transferred to the Levant Squadron of the Italian Navy. She returned to Smyrna after completing her deployment to the Black Sea, and remained there until 9 September, when she was relieved by the battleship Template:Ship. She returned to Taranto on 12 September, and was placed in reserve. Placed back into service in 1920, Duilio went to Albania on 30 June to support the Italian Army contingent occupying the country, and participated in their withdrawal on 5 September. The following year, she was assigned to the Dodecanese Squadron and cruised in the eastern Mediterranean. She returned to Constantinople as part of an Allied fleet from 27 July to 10 November 1921.<ref name=W166>Whitley, p. 166</ref>
During the 1923 Corfu incident with Greece, the Italian Navy, including Duilio, was deployed to occupy the island of Corfu following the murder of Enrico Tellini and four others. Later that year, she escorted the battleship Template:Ship on a state visit to Spain. A magazine explosion on 8 April 1925 wrecked the No. 3 turret's barbette hoist. The ship went into reserve while repairs were effected in La Spezia, which lasted until April 1928. She underwent refitting at Taranto from 18 March to 15 June 1930. She again went into reserve on 11 August 1932 until 11 August 1933, when she was made the flagship of the Commanding Officer, Reserve Fleet. Starting on 19 March 1937, she was taken to Genoa where an extensive reconstruction began at the Cantieri del Tirreno shipyard. The work was completed on 15 July 1940, at which point she was recommissioned into the 5th Division of the 1st Squadron, based in Taranto.<ref name=W166/>
World War IIEdit
DuilioTemplate:'s first wartime patrol took place on 31 August. She and the rest of the fleet sailed to intercept the British battleship Template:HMS, which was steaming to Alexandria, and a convoy sailing to Malta. The Italian fleet did not have sufficient aerial reconnaissance, which, along with bad weather, prevented the Italians from locating the British forces. They put back in to Taranto on 1 September. Duilio again put to sea on 7 September, in an attempt to catch the British Force H, but the Italian intelligence was faulty, as Force H was in the process of attacking Dakar. Duilio returned to Taranto, where she remained until early November.<ref name=W166/>
Attack at TarantoEdit
{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} On the night of 10–11 November, the British Mediterranean Fleet launched a surprise air raid on the harbor in Taranto. Twenty-one Swordfish torpedo bombers launched from the aircraft carrier Template:HMS attacked the Italian fleet in two waves. They scored one hit on Duilio, three hits on Template:Ship, and one on Template:Ship.<ref>Rohwer, p. 47</ref> The torpedo hit Duilio on her starboard side; it tore an Template:Convert hole in the hull and flooded the forward main battery magazines. A water tanker and several smaller craft pushed the battleship aground in shallow water to prevent her from sinking in the harbor. Temporary repairs were effected, and in January 1941, she was refloated and sent to Genoa for permanent repairs, which began on 26 January.<ref name=W166/>
While Duilio was in dock for repairs, the British Force H departed from its normal role as a convoy escort in the western Mediterranean in early February to attack Genoa. Admiral James Somerville's surface ships fired over a thousand shells at the port, and aircraft of the carrier Template:HMS dropped magnetic mines in the harbor. Five ships were sunk, but Duilio was not hit in the attack.<ref>Ireland, p. 64</ref> During the attack, DuilioTemplate:'s anti-aircraft battery fired some 8,000 rounds at the British spotter aircraft. Repair work was completed by May, and on 16 May she was back in Taranto in the 1st Squadron.<ref name=W166/>
Later serviceEdit
Duilio, now the flagship of the Italian fleet, sailed on 29 November to cover an Italian convoy to North Africa. She was escorted by the cruiser Template:Ship and six destroyers. She sailed again on 13 December, to cover the convoy M41; the Italian fleet was forced to break off the convoy escort after Template:Ship was torpedoed. Duilio returned to port on the 14th, and departed to cover the convoy M42 two days later. She was stationed south of Messina with three cruisers and four destroyers. During the convoy operation, British forces attacked, resulting in the First Battle of Sirte, but DuilioTemplate:'s group was too far away to engage the Royal Navy. She returned to Taranto on 19 December. She escorted convoy M43 on 3–6 January 1942, which successfully reached Tripoli unmolested. Convoy T18 followed on 22–5 January, and four of the five transports in the convoy reached Tripoli.<ref name=W166/>
DuilioTemplate:'s next operation was a sortie against the British convoy MW 9 bounded from Alexandria to Malta in February. She departed from Taranto on 14 February with a pair of light cruisers and seven destroyers, but the force could not locate the British ships, and so returned to port. Her mere presence at sea, however, forced the British escort to scuttle the transport Rowallan Castle, previously disabled by German aircraft.<ref>Woodman, pp. 285–286</ref> On the 21st, she escorted the convoy K7 from Messina and Corfu to Taranto. By this point in 1942, the Italian fleet began to suffer a severe shortage of fuel, which curtailed its operations. The situation was so bad that Duilio had to be placed in reserve and drained of fuel, in order to keep the escort craft operational. She was at Taranto when Italy surrendered to the Allies in September 1943, and on 9 September she was taken to Malta, where she was interned with the rest of the Italian fleet.<ref name=W166/> In June 1944, the Allies allowed Duilio to return to Italian ports; she spent the rest of the war in Taranto, Syracuse, and Augusta.
She survived the war, and continued to serve in the Italian navy; she was the fleet flagship from 1 May 1947 until 10 November 1949, based in Taranto. She was moved to La Spezia in 1953 and removed from active service. Duilio remained there until she was stricken from the naval register on 15 September 1956. She was sold for scrapping the following year.<ref>Whitley, p. 167</ref>
NotesEdit
ReferencesEdit
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External linksEdit
Template:Portal bar Template:Andrea Doria class battleship Template:November 1940 shipwrecks