Template:Short description Template:Infobox Writing system Template:Contains special characters Template:Brahmic The Limbu script (also Sirijanga script)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> is used to write the Limbu language. It is a Brahmic type abugida.<ref name="L202055">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
HistoryEdit
The Limbu script was invented in the 18th century by Limbu monk and scholar Te-ongsi Sirijunga Xin Thebe, in order to give the Limbu a distinct medium to commit their oral tradition to writing. He claimed that the script was used in late first millennium and that he had only rediscovered it, but no text from before the 18th century has been discovered. It was likely invented as an act of defiance.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Accounts with SirijungaEdit
The Limbu language is one of the few Sino-Tibetan languages of the Central Himalayas to possess their own scripts.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The Limbu or Sirijunga script was devised during the period of Buddhist expansion in Sikkim in the early 18th century when Limbuwan still constituted part of Sikkimese territory. The Limbu script was probably composed at roughly the same time as the Lepcha script which was created by the third King of Sikkim, Chakdor Namgyal (ca. 1700–1717). The Limbu script is ascribed to the Limbu hero, Te-ongsi Sirijunga Xin Thebe.
StructureEdit
The Limbu script is an abugida, which means that a basic letter represents both a consonant and an inherent, or default, vowel. In Limbu, the inherent vowel is {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, as in Bengali–Assamese and Odia scripts. To start a syllable with a vowel, the appropriate vowel diacritic is added to the vowel-carrier Template:Script. A vowel-carrier with no diacritic represents the sound {{#invoke:IPA|main}}.
Template:NoteFoot Initial consonant clusters are written with small marks following the main consonant:
| Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter |
| Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter |
Final consonants after short vowels are written with another set of marks, except for some final consonants occurring only in loanwords. They follow the marks for consonant clusters, if any.
Long vowels without a following final consonant are written with a diacritic called kemphreng Template:Angbr, for example, Template:Angbr, {{#invoke:IPA|main}}.
There are two methods for writing long vowels with syllable-final consonants:
- With a kemphreng diacritic and the final consonant, such as Template:Angbr, {{#invoke:IPA|main}}.
- By replacing the final consonant with the corresponding full consonant and adding an underscore-like diacritic mark Template:Angbr. This indicates that the consonant has no following vowel and that the preceding vowel is lengthened, example, Template:Angbr, {{#invoke:IPA|main}}. The same diacritic may be used to mark final consonants in loanwords that do not have final forms in Limbu, regardless of the length of the vowel.
The first method is widely used in Sikkim; the second method is advocated by certain writers in Nepal.<ref name="L202055" />
Glottalization is marked by a sign called mukphreng Template:Angbr, for example, Template:Angbr, {{#invoke:IPA|main}}.
Sample textEdit
ᤛᤧᤘᤠᤖᤥ᥄ ᤀᤠᤍᤠᤱᤒᤠ ᤜᤠᤍᤠᤱᤔᤠᤛᤣ ᤗᤠᤶᤎᤡᤱᤃᤥ ᤗᤠᤶᤎᤰ ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤱᤐᤠᤴ ᤖᤧ ᤘᤡᤁᤡᤐᤡᤍᤡᤕᤠ ᤀᤥ ॥ ᤛᤧᤘᤠᤖᤥ᥄ ᤀᤠᤍᤠᤏᤠᤒᤠ ᤀᤠᤍᤠᤏᤠᤔ ᤀᤠᤛᤧ ᤗᤠᤶᤎ ᤀᤡᤏᤠᤃ ᤗᤠᤶᤎᤠᤁᤠ ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤱ ᤐᤠᤏᤠ ᤖᤧ ᤘᤡᤁᤡᤐᤧᤍᤤ ᤀ। ᤗᤡᤶᤒᤢ ᤓᤠᤙᤠᤁᤥ ᤘᤡᤁᤡᤐᤡ᤺ᤍᤡᤕᤠᤔᤠ ᤛᤫᤠᤃᤋ ᤇ। ᤗᤡᤶᤒᤢ ᤓᤠᤛᤠᤁᤨ ᤘᤡᤁᤡᤐᤡᤍᤡᤕᤠ ᤀᤜᤡᤗᤧ ᤀᤡᤴᤁᤢᤒᤧᤛᤠᤏᤠ (ᤐᤠᤖᤣᤰᤙᤠᤏ ᤘᤡᤁᤡ) ᤀᤷᤌᤠᤳ ᤁᤨᤁᤨᤔᤠ ᤇᤠ। ᤕᤛᤗᤠᤀᤡ᤺ ᤀᤃᤠᤍᤡ ᤒᤎᤠᤀᤢᤏᤠᤁᤠ ᤗᤠᤃᤡ ᤁᤠᤶᤋᤡᤔᤠ ᥈ ᤛᤠᤕᤠ ᤗᤧᤰ ᤗᤡᤶᤒᤢ ᤓᤠᤙᤠᤔᤠ ᤜᤢᤏᤠ ᤈᤠᤖᤥᤖᤣ ᤇᤠ। ᤋᤩᤛᤁᤠᤖᤏ ᤗᤡᤶᤒᤢ ᤓᤠᤙᤠᤔᤠ ᤗᤧᤂᤠᤜᤠᤖᤢ ᤗᤧᤰᤏᤠ ᤛᤢᤖᤢᤃᤠᤷᤏᤠ ᤛᤠᤒᤤ ᤗᤡᤶᤒᤢᤓᤠᤙᤡ ᤔᤡᤳᤖᤜᤠᤖᤢᤔᤠ ᤜᤠᤷᤍᤡᤰ ᤀᤠᤏᤢᤖᤨᤎ ᤇᤠ।
Obsolete charactersEdit
Three additional letters were used in early versions of the modern script:<ref name="L202055" />
- Template:Large /d͡ʑʱɔ/
- Template:Large /ɲɔ/
- Template:Large /ʂɔ/
Two ligatures were used for Nepali consonant conjuncts:<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- Template:Large jña (for Devanagari Template:Large)
- Template:Large tra (for Devanagari Template:Large)
Nineteenth-century texts used a small anusvara (Template:Large) to mark nasalization. This was used interchangeably with Template:Huge /ŋ/.
The sign Template:Large was used for the exclamatory particle Template:Large (/lo/).<ref name="L202055" />
PunctuationEdit
The main punctuation mark used in Limbu is the Devanagari double danda (Template:Large).<ref name="L202055" /> It has its own exclamation mark (Template:Large) and question mark (Template:Large).
NumeralsEdit
| Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter |
UnicodeEdit
{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}}
Limbu script was added to the Unicode Standard in April, 2003 with the release of version 4.0.
The Unicode block for Limbu is U+1900–U+194F: Template:Unicode chart Limbu