Template:Short description Template:Redirect Template:Infobox writing system Template:Brahmic The Rañjanā script (Lantsa<ref name="Omniglot">OmniglotTemplate:Sps</ref>) is an abugida writing system which developed in the 11th century<ref name="Jwajalapa">JwajalapaTemplate:Sps Template:Webarchive</ref> and until the mid-20th century was used in an area from Nepal to Tibet by the Newar people, the historic inhabitants of the Kathmandu Valley, to write Sanskrit and Newar (Nepal Bhasa). Nowadays it is also used in Buddhist monasteries in China, especially in the Tibetan Buddhist areas within the Tibet Autonomous Region, Sichuan, Yunnan, Qinghai and Gansu; Mongolia, and Japan.<ref name="Jwajalapa"/> It is normally written from left to right but the Kutakshar form is written from top to bottom.<ref name="Jwajalapa"/> It is also considered to be the standard Nepali calligraphic script.
HistoryEdit
Rañjanā is a Brahmic script which developed around 1100 CE. It was used in Nepal and is still used in Nepal by the Newar people to write the Newar language.<ref name="Omniglot"/> The script is also used in most of the Mahayana and Vajrayana monasteries.<ref>Folk tales from the Himalayan kingdom of Nepal: Black rice and other stories, p.47, Kesar Lall, Ratna Pustak Bhandar </ref> Along with the Prachalit Nepal alphabet, it is considered one of the scripts of Nepal.<ref>Nepalese Inscriptions in the Rubin Collection</ref> It is the formal script of Nepal duly registered in the United Nation while applying for the free Nation.Template:Cn The Aṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra lettered in gold ink by Bhiksu Ananda of Kapitanagar and dating back to the Nepal Sambat year 345 (1215 CE) is an early example of the script.<ref>Nagarjuna Institute: Buddhist Sites of Nepal – Hiraynavarna Mahavihara</ref>
After falling into disuse in the mid-20th century, the script has recently seen an increased use. It is used by many local governments such as those of Kathmandu Metropolitan City, Lalitpur Sub-Metropolitan City, Bhaktapur Municipality, Thimi Municipality, Kirtipur Municipality, Banepa Municipality, in signboards, letter pads, and such. Regular programs are held in the Kathmandu Valley to promote the script and training classes are held to preserve the language. The script is being endorsed by the Nepal Bhasa movement and is used for headings in newspapers and websites.Template:Citation needed A Nepalese-German project is trying to conserve the manuscripts of Rañjanā script.<ref>Ranjana ScriptTemplate:Sps</ref>
AlphabetEdit
VowelsEdit
| File:Ranjana a.svg a अ | File:Ranjana ah.svg aḥ अः | File:Ranjana aa.svg ā आ | File:Ranjana aah.svgāḥ आः | File:Ranjana i.svg i इ | File:Ranjana ii.svg ī ई | File:Ranjana u.svg u उ | File:Ranjana uu.svg ū ऊ | File:Ranjana ri.svg ṛ ऋ | File:Ranjana rii.svg ṝ ॠ | |
| File:Ranjana li.svg ḷ ऌ | File:Ranjana lii.svg ḹ ॡ | File:Ranjana e.svg e ए | File:Ranjana ai.svg ai ऐ | File:Ranjana o.svg o ओ | File:Ranjana au.svg au औ | File:Ranjana script अँ.jpg ã अँ | File:Ranjana am.svg aṃ अं | File:Ay.JPG ay अय् | File:आय्, Ranjana script.jpg āy आय् | File:एय्, Ranjana script.jpg ey एय् |
ConsonantsEdit
| File:Ranjana k.svg k क | File:Ranjana kh.svg kh ख | File:Ranjana g.svg g ग | File:Ranjana gh.svg gh घ | File:Ranjana ng.svg ṅ ङ |
| File:Ranjana c.svg c च | File:Ranjana ch.svg ch छ | File:Ranjana j.svg j ज | File:Ranjana jh.svg jh झ | File:Ranjana ny.svg ñ ञ |
| File:Ranjana tt.svg ṭ ट | File:Ranjana tth.svg ṭh ठ | File:Ranjana dd.svg ḍ ड | File:Ranjana ddh.svg ḍh ढ | File:Ranjana nn.svg ṇ ण |
| File:Ranjana t.svg t त | File:Ranjana th.svg th थ | File:Ranjana d.svg d द | File:Ranjana dh.svg dh ध | File:Ranjana n.svg n न |
| File:Ranjana p.svg p प | File:Ranjana ph.svg ph फ | File:Ranjana b.svg b ब | File:Ranjana bh.svg bh भ | File:Ranjana m.svg m म |
| File:Ranjana y.svg y य | File:Ranjana r.svg r र | File:Ranjana l.svg l ल | File:Ranjana v.svg v व | |
| File:Ranjana sh.svg ś श | File:Ranjana ss.svg ṣ ष | File:Ranjana s.svg s स | File:Ranjana h.svg h ह |
| File:Ranjana ksh.svg kṣ क्ष | File:Ranjana tr.svg tr त्र | File:Ranjana jny.svg jñ ज्ञ |
Vowel diacriticsEdit
- Gagaa.JPGVowel diacritic of Ranjana letter 'ग'.
- Babaa.JPGVowel diacritic of Ranjana letter 'ब'.
- Kakaa.JPGVowel diacritic of Ranjana letter 'क'.
The shape of the combining marks indicating the vowels आ ā, ए e, ऐ ai/ē,ओ o, and औ au/ō in Ranjana script take a different form when combined with the eight consonants ख kha, ग ga, n ञ nya, ठ ṭha ण ṇa, थ tha, ध dha or श sha(or where one of these is the first consonant in a combination)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> (In addition the vertical marks indicating आ ā or ī may take a shorter form when combined with the consonants क ka, ज्ञ ja, or ठ ṭha.)
NumeralsEdit
| File:Ranjana 0.svg 0 ० | File:Ranjana 1.svg 1 १ | File:Ranjana 2.svg 2 २ | File:Ranjana 3.svg 3 ३ | File:Ranjana 4.svg 4 ४ | File:Ranjana 5.svg 5 ५ | File:Ranjana 6.svg 6 ६ | File:Ranjana 7.svg 7 ७ | File:Ranjana 8.svg 8 ८ | File:Ranjana 9.svg 9 ९ |
UseEdit
- Shukla Ranjana Om.svg'Om' in Ranjana script
- Jing An Temple Stone Sanskrit Om.jpegRañjanā "Oṃ" syllables flanking the implements of the Four Heavenly Kings. Jing'an Temple, Shanghai, China.
- Astasahasrika Prajnaparamita Maitreya Folio.jpegSanskrit manuscript in the Rañjanā script. Aṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra, India, 12th century.
- Maru tol street sign.jpgStreet sign in Kathmandu in Ranjana, Devanagari and English.
Use in NepalEdit
Rañjana is mostly used for printing Hindu and Buddhist scriptures and literature in Sanskrit and Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit used by the Newar community. Rañjana is also in current use for printing "high status" documents (wedding invitations, certificates, etc) in Nepal in the Newar language and for Newar language book titles.<ref name="Proposal-2009">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In Mahayana and Vajrayana Buddhist traditions, it is famously used to write various mantras including the "Om mani padme hum" mantra of Avalokiteśvara, the mantra of Tara: "Om tare tuttare ture svaha", and the mantra of Manjusri: "Om a ra pa ca na dhi."<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}Template:Sps</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}Template:Sps</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}Template:Sps</ref> The script is also used in Hindu scriptures.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Use in East AsiaEdit
In Chinese Buddhism and other East Asian Buddhism, the standard Sanskrit script for mantras and dhāraṇīs was not the Rañjanā script, but rather the earlier Siddhaṃ script that was widely propagated in China during the Tang dynasty.<ref name="Chattopadhayaya, Alaka 1999 p. 201">Chattopadhayaya, Alaka (1999). Atisa and Tibet: Life and Works of Dipamkara Srijnana: p. 201</ref> However, in late Imperial China, the influence of Tibetan Buddhism popularized the Rañjanā script as well, and so this script is also found throughout East Asia, but is not as common as Siddhaṃ.<ref>Jiang, Wu (2008). Enlightenment in Dispute: The Reinvention of Chan Buddhism in Seventeenth-Century China: p. 146</ref> In Vietnam, Rañjanā script is often used during Buddhist rituals especially by monks in the central region such as Huế. Talismans are often made using Rañjanā mantras read "Om mani padme hum" or "Om cale cule cundi svaha" the mantra of Cundi Bodhisattva. The script has also been adopted by Vietnamese folk shamans in their use of amulets such as Lỗ Ban phái, a Taoist folk sect that arrived from China named after Lu Ban, patron god of carpenters.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Use in TibetEdit
Template:Anchor When Rañjanā was introduced to Tibet, it was referred to as Lantsa (Template:Bo), which is simply a Tibetan transcription of the Sanskrit word Template:Langx or Lañja (which means 'tail' or 'foot').<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }} </ref> Lantsa varies somewhat from the standard Rañjanā as written in Nepal today. In particular the glyph shapes of some consonants and ligatures differs and vowel diacritics do not usually change with the consonants ख kha, ग ga, n ञ nya, ठ ṭha ण ṇa, ध dha श sha as described above~ with the sole exception of the letter ठ ṭha. The shape of the numerals or digits also differs.
In Tibet, the Lantsa variant is used to write Buddhist texts in Sanskrit.<ref>Ranjana script and Nepal Bhasa (Newari) language</ref> Examples of such texts include the Mañjuśrīnāmasamgīti, the Diamond Sutra and the Aṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra. The Lantsa script is also found in manuscripts and printed editions of some Sanskrit-Tibetan lexicons such as the Mahāvyutpatti. and it is frequently used on the title pages of Tibetan texts, where the Sanskrit title is often written in Lantsa, followed by a transliteration and translation in the Tibetan script. The script is also used to prepare Mantra and Dharani inserted into Buddhist images and Stupa for consecration, as well as in the drawing of certain mandalas ( similar to the Japanese use of the Siddhaṃ script).
Lantsa is frequently seen on the outside of prayer wheels, and decoratively on the gateways, walls. beams and pillars of Tibetan temples and monasteries.
Numerous alternative spellings of the term Lantsa exist, including the following:
- Lanja
- Landzha
- Lantsha
- Lentsa
- Lendza
Monogram (Kutākshar)Edit
Kutākshar is a monogram of the Ranjana script. It is only one of the Nepalese scripts that can be written in monogram.
UnicodeEdit
A Unicode block for the script has first been proposed in 2009 by Michael Everson<ref name="Proposal-2009"/> and updated in December 2013,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and last revized with additional details in January 2023 by Anshuman Pandey.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
GalleryEdit
- Karnataka Nyingma temple en.jpgNyingma Tibetan Buddhist temple with decorative use of the Lantsa variant of Rañjanā .
- Vajra Guru Mantra.svgThe Vajra Guru Mantra in the Lantsa variant of Rañjanā and in the Tibetan script.
- OM TARE TU TTARE.svgThe Mantra of Tara in the Lantsa variant of Rañjanā and Tibetan script.
- Invitation card.jpgInvitation card.
- Sandhya times scan.jpgSandhya Times daily.
- Kmc3.jpgSignboard of Kathmandu Metropolitan City Office in Ranjana script (second row).
ReferencesEdit
External linksEdit
- Download Ranjana Newari Regular Font
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- Fynn, Christopher John. Ranjana (Lantsa) script
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- Ranjana script on Omniglot
- Ranjana script
- Saerji. (2009). Rañjanā script: Akṣara List of the Manuscript of Aṣṭasāhasrikāprajñāpāramitā (ca. the 11–12th Centuries). Research Institute of Sanskrit Manuscripts & Buddhist Literature, Peking University.