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Hucbald (Template:Circa – 20 June 930; also Hucbaldus or Hubaldus) was a Benedictine monk active as a music theorist, poet, composer, teacher, and hagiographer.Template:Sfn He was long associated with Saint-Amand Abbey, so is often known as Hucbald of St Amand.Template:Sfn Deeply influenced by Boethius' De Institutione Musica, Hucbald's (De) Musica, formerly known as De harmonica institutione, aims to reconcile ancient Greek music theory and the contemporary practice of Gregorian chant with the use of many notated examples. Among the leading music theorists of the Carolingian era, he was likely a near contemporary of Aurelian of Réôme, the unknown author of the Musica enchiriadis, and the anonymous authors of other music theory texts Commemoratio brevis, Alia musica, and De modis.Template:Sfn
LifeEdit
Born in northern France, about 840Template:SfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:Sfn or 850,Template:Sfn Hucbald studied at Elnone Abbey (later named Saint-Amand Abbey, after its 7th-century founder) where his uncle Milo was chief master of studies (scholasticus), in the diocese of Doornik.Template:Sfn He made rapid progress in the sciences of the quadrivium, including that of practical music, and, according to a laudatory 11th-century biographical account, at an early age composed a hymn in honour of St Andrew, which met with such success as to excite the jealousy of his uncle.Template:Citation needed It is said that Hucbald in consequence was compelled to leave Saint-AmandTemplate:Sfn and to seek protection from the bishop of Nevers.
He was also a companion of studies of such future masters as Remigius of Auxerre and Heiric of Auxerre, perhaps as a disciple of the court philosopher Johannes Scottus Eriugena. In 872 he was back again at Saint-Amand as the successor in the headmastership of the monastery school of his uncle, to whom he would have been presumably reconciled. Between 883 and 900 Hucbald went on several missions to reform and reconstruct schools of music damaged or destroyed by the Norman, including those of St. Bertin and Rheims. In 900, however, he returned to Saint-Amand, where he remained until his death on 20 June 930.Template:Sfn
WorksEdit
Music theoryEdit
The only theoretical work which can positively be ascribed to Hucbald is his Musica (formerly known as De harmonica institutione), probably written about 880.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn The work shows considerable influence from the writings of Boethius, and by extension Ptolemy.Template:Sfn
The Musica enchiriadis, published with other writings of minor importance in Gerbert's Scriptores de Musica, and containing a complete system of musical science as well as instructions regarding notation, has now been proved to have originated elsewhere about the same time and to have been the work of unknown writers belonging to the same intellectual milieu. This work is celebrated chiefly for an essay on a new form of notation described today as Daseian notationTemplate:Sfn and its readable transmission of the first record of Western polyphonic music.Template:Citation needed
CompositionsEdit
A few sacred compositions can be somewhat securely attributed to Hucbald,Template:Sfn some are found in the Winchester Troper and Sarum antiphoner.Template:Sfn Literary sources suggest that he wrote many other now lost works.Template:Sfn
Other worksEdit
In addition to his musical works, Hucbald also wrote literary poetry intended to be read rather than sung. Two poems in classical Latin hexameters survive. One is the remarkable Ecloga de calvis, a poem of 146 lines in praise of baldness, in which every word begins with the letter C (the first letter in the word calvus, "bald").<ref>Text in Winterfeld 1899, pp. 261–271; Patrologia Latina 132, cols. 1041–1045.</ref> The catalogue of illustrious bald men includes kings, generals, poets, doctors, and even the apostle Paul.Template:Sfn Although the poem was probably written during the reign of Charles the Bald, there is no evidence to support the common assumption that it was dedicated to him, and a separate 54-line prefatory poem that precedes the work in the manuscripts explicitly dedicates it to Hatto, the archbishop of Mainz.<ref>The assumption that Hucbald wrote the work for Charles, which was already circulating in the 11th century, was repeated by the editors of the earliest printed editions, including the 17th-century German philologist Kaspar von Barth, who added to the poem 15 spurious verses containing a direct address to the emperor in order to support his argument. Winterfeld (1899, pp. 264, 271) reviews the evidence and both he and Manitius (1911, pp. 588, 591) dismiss it as a fiction. The confusion is compounded by the fact that Hucbald is known to have sent other verses to Charles, including a poem on self-control (De sobrietate) written by his uncle, Milo (Manitius 1911, pp. 588, 590).</ref> The Ecloga de calvis circulated widely during the Renaissance: at least six printed editions are known from the first half of the 16th century, and Erasmus in one of his dialogues recommends recitation of its alliterative lines as a cure for stuttering.Template:Sfn
The other hexameter work, De diebus Aegyptiacis, is a short astrological poem listing the days of ill omen in each month of the year.<ref>Text in Winterfeld 1899, p. 272.</ref> Hucbald also wrote a number of prose saint's lives.<ref>Texts in Patrologia Latina 132.</ref>Template:Sfn
ReferencesEdit
SourcesEdit
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Further readingEdit
- McAlhany, J. Beards & Baldness in the Middle Ages: Three Texts. Brooklyn, NY: Leverhill, 2024 (contains a translation of the Ecloga de calvis, with notes, and brief overview of Hucbald's life and career) Template:ISBN
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External linksEdit
- musicologie.org. List of manuscripts, editions, and bibliography. Template:In lang
- Documenta Catholica Omnia. PDFs of Latin texts of Hucbald's works from Migne, Patrologia latina vol. 132.
- MGH Poetae 4,1. Digital version of P. von Winterfeld, Poetae Latini Aevi Carolini IV.1 from the DigitalMGH project. Latin texts of the hexameter poems De calvis and De diebus Aegyptiacis, together with two hymns in honor of St Theoderic.
- Codex 169(468) from the Abbey library of Saint Gall, including Hucbald's Musica