"Hello, World!" program

Template:Short description Template:Redirect-multi Template:Use dmy dates A "Hello, World!" program is usually a simple computer program that emits (or displays) to the screen (often a console) a message similar to "Hello, World!". A small piece of code in most general-purpose programming languages, this program is used to show a language's basic syntax. Such a program is often the first written by a student of a new programming language,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> but it can also be used as a sanity check to ensure that the computer software intended to compile or run source code is correctly installed, and that its operator understands how to use it.

"History"Edit

File:Hello World Brian Kernighan 1974.jpg

"Hello, World!" program handwritten in the C language and signed by Brian Kernighan (1978)

While several small test programs have existed since the development of programmable computers, the tradition of using the phrase "Hello, World!" as a test message was influenced by an example program in the 1978 book The C Programming Language,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> with likely earlier use in BCPL. The example program from the book prints Template:Samp, and was inherited from a 1974 Bell Laboratories internal memorandum by Brian Kernighan, Programming in C: A Tutorial:<ref name="ctut">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> <syntaxhighlight lang="c"> main( ) {

       printf("hello, world");

} </syntaxhighlight>

In the above example, the Template:Samp function defines where the program should start executing. The function body consists of a single statement, a call to the Template:Samp function, which stands for "print formatted"; it outputs to the console whatever is passed to it as the parameter, in this case the string Template:Samp.

The C-language version was preceded by Kernighan's own 1972 A Tutorial Introduction to the Language B,<ref name="langb">Template:Cite book</ref> where the first known version of the program is found in an example used to illustrate external variables: <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> main( ) {

   extrn a, b, c;
   putchar(a); putchar(b); putchar(c); putchar('!*n');

}

a 'hell'; b 'o, w'; c 'orld'; </syntaxhighlight>

The program above prints Template:Samp on the terminal, including a newline character. The phrase is divided into multiple variables because in B a character constant is limited to four ASCII characters. The previous example in the tutorial printed Template:Samp on the terminal, and the phrase Template:Samp was introduced as a slightly longer greeting that required several character constants for its expression.

The Jargon File reports that "hello, world" instead originated in 1967 with the language BCPL.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Outside computing, use of the exact phrase began over a decade prior; it was the catchphrase of New York radio disc jockey William B. Williams beginning in the 1950s.<ref name=nytobit>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

VariationsEdit

File:PSP-Homebrew.jpeg

A "Hello, World!" program running on Sony's PlayStation Portable as a proof of concept

"Hello, World!" programs vary in complexity between different languages. In some languages, particularly scripting languages, the "Hello, World!" program can be written as one statement, while in others (more so many low-level languages) many more statements can be required. For example, in Python, to print the string Template:Samp followed by a newline, one only needs to write <syntaxhighlight lang="python" inline>print("Hello, World!")</syntaxhighlight>. In contrast, the equivalent code in C++<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> requires the import of the C++ standard library, the declaration of an entry point (main function), and a call to print a line of text to the standard output stream.

File:CNC Hello World.jpg

Computer numerical control (CNC) machining test in poly(methyl methacrylate) (Perspex).

The phrase "Hello, World!" has seen various deviations in casing and punctuation, such as "hello world" which lacks the capitalization of the leading H and W, and the presence of the comma or exclamation mark. Some devices limit the format to specific variations, such as all-capitalized versions on systems that support only capital letters, while some esoteric programming languages may have to print a slightly modified string. Other human languages have been used as the output; for example, a tutorial for the Go language emitted both English and Chinese or Japanese characters, demonstrating the language's built-in Unicode support.<ref>A Tutorial for the Go Programming Language. Template:Webarchive The Go Programming Language. Retrieved 26 July 2011.</ref> Another notable example is the Rust language, whose management system automatically inserts a "Hello, World" program when creating new projects.

File:HelloWorld Maktivism ComputerProgramming LEDs.jpg

A "Hello, World!" message being displayed through long-exposure light painting with a moving strip of light-emitting diodes (LEDs)

Some languages change the function of the "Hello, World!" program while maintaining the spirit of demonstrating a simple example. Functional programming languages, such as Lisp, ML, and Haskell, tend to substitute a factorial program for "Hello, World!", as functional programming emphasizes recursive techniques, whereas the original examples emphasize I/O, which violates the spirit of pure functional programming by producing side effects. Languages otherwise able to print "Hello, World!" (assembly language, C, VHDL) may also be used in embedded systems, where text output is either difficult (requiring added components or communication with another computer) or nonexistent. For devices such as microcontrollers, field-programmable gate arrays, and complex programmable logic devices (CPLDs), "Hello, World!" may thus be substituted with a blinking light-emitting diode (LED), which demonstrates timing and interaction between components.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The Debian and Ubuntu Linux distributions provide the "Hello, World!" program through their software package manager systems, which can be invoked with the command Template:Samp. It serves as a sanity check and a simple example of installing a software package. For developers, it provides an example of creating a .deb package, either traditionally or using debhelper, and the version of Template:Samp used, GNU Hello, serves as an example of writing a GNU program.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Variations of the "Hello, World!" program that produce a graphical output (as opposed to text output) have also been shown. Sun demonstrated a "Hello, World!" program in Java based on scalable vector graphics,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and the XL programming language features a spinning Earth "Hello, World!" using 3D computer graphics.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Mark Guzdial and Elliot Soloway have suggested that the "hello, world" test message may be outdated now that graphics and sound can be manipulated as easily as text.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In computer graphics, rendering a triangleTemplate:Sndcalled "Hello Triangle"Template:Sndis sometimes used as an introductory example for graphics libraries.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref>

Time to Hello WorldEdit

"Time to hello world" (TTHW) is the time it takes to author a "Hello, World!" program in a given programming language. This is one measure of a programming language's ease of use. Since the program is meant as an introduction for people unfamiliar with the language, a more complex "Hello, World!" program may indicate that the programming language is less approachable.<ref name="ODwyer">Template:Cite book</ref> For instance, the first publicly known "Hello, World!" program in Malbolge (which actually output "HEllO WORld") took two years to be announced, and it was produced not by a human but by a code generator written in Common Lisp Template:See above.

The concept has been extended beyond programming languages to APIs, as a measure of how simple it is for a new developer to get a basic example working; a shorter time indicates an easier API for developers to adopt.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>