Inch

Template:Short description Template:Redirect Template:Use British English Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox unit

A fire hydrant marked as 3-inch

The inch (symbol: in or [[prime (symbol)|Template:Pprime]]) is a unit of length in the British Imperial and the United States customary systems of measurement. It is equal to Template:Sfrac yard or Template:Sfrac of a foot. Derived from the Roman uncia ("twelfth"), the word inch is also sometimes used to translate similar units in other measurement systems, usually understood as deriving from the width of the human thumb.

Standards for the exact length of an inch have varied in the past, but since the adoption of the international yard during the 1950s and 1960s the inch has been based on the metric system and defined as exactly 25.4Template:Nbsp mm.

Template:Anchor

NameEdit

The English word "inch" (Template:Langx) was an early borrowing from Latin {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ("one-twelfth; Roman inch; Roman ounce").<ref>Template:Citation.</ref> The vowel change from Latin {{#invoke:IPA|main}} to Old English {{#invoke:IPA|main}} (which became Modern English {{#invoke:IPA|main}}) is known as umlaut.Template:Citation needed The consonant change from the Latin {{#invoke:IPA|main}} (spelled c) to English {{#invoke:IPA|main}} is palatalisation. Both were features of Old English phonology; see Template:Section link and Template:Section link for more information.

"Inch" is cognate with "ounce" (Template:Langx), whose separate pronunciation and spelling reflect its reborrowing in Middle English from Anglo-Norman unce and ounce.<ref>Template:Citation.</ref>

In many other European languages, the word for "inch" is the same as or derived from the word for "thumb", as a man's thumb is about an inch wide (and this was even sometimes used to define the inch<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>). In the Dutch language a term for inch is engelse duim (english thumb).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Examples include Template:Langx ("inch") and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ("thumb"); Template:Langx ("thumb"); Danish and Template:Langx ("inch") {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ("thumb"); Template:Langx (whence Template:Langx and Template:Langx); Template:Langx; Template:Lang-ka, Template:Langx; Template:Langx; Template:Langx ("inch") and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ("thumb"); ("duim"); Template:Langx ("thumb"); Template:Langx ("inch") and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ("thumb"); and Template:Langx ("inch") and tumme ("thumb").

UsageEdit

Imperial or hybrid countriesEdit

The inch is a commonly used customary unit of length in the United States,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }} lists 24,302 instances of inch(es) compared to 1548 instances of centimeter(s) and 1343 instances of millimeter(s).</ref> Canada,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }} Canadian units (5) The Canadian units of measurement are as set out and defined in Schedule II, and the symbols and abbreviations therefore are as added pursuant to subparagraph 6(1)(b)(ii).</ref> and the United Kingdom.<ref name=bis/> For the United Kingdom, guidance on public sector use states that, since 1 October 1995, without time limit, the inch (along with the foot) is to be used as a primary unit for road signs and related measurements of distance (with the possible exception of clearance heights and widths)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and may continue to be used as a secondary or supplementary indication following a metric measurement for other purposes.<ref name=bis>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

WorldwideEdit

Inches are used for display screens (e.g. televisions and computer monitors) worldwide. It is the official Japanese standard for electronic parts, especially display screens, and is the industry standard throughout continental Europe for display screens (Germany being one of few countries to supplement it with centimetres in most stores<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>).

Inches are commonly used to specify the diameter of vehicle wheel rims, and the corresponding inner diameter of tyres in tyre codes.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Technical detailsEdit

The international standard symbol for inch is in (see ISO 31-1, Annex A) but traditionally the inch is denoted by a double prime, which is often approximated by a double quote symbol, and the foot by a prime, which is often approximated by an apostrophe. For example; Template:Nowrap can be written as 3Template:Prime 2Template:Pprime. (This is akin to how the first and second "cuts" of the hour are likewise indicated by prime and double prime symbols, and also the first and second cuts of the degree.)

Subdivisions of an inch are typically written using dyadic fractions with odd number numerators; for example, Template:Nowrap would be written as Template:Sfrac Template:Pprime and not as 2.375Template:Pprime nor as Template:Sfrac Template:Pprime. However, for engineering purposes fractions are commonly given to three or four places of decimals and have been for many years.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

EquivalentsEdit

Template:Calculator international inch is equal to: Template:Div col

Template:Calculator centimeters (1 inch is exactly 2.54 cm)
Template:Calculator millimetres (1 inch is exactly 25.4 mm)
Template:Sfrac or Template:Calculator feet (approximately)
Template:Sfrac or Template:Calculator yards (approximately)
Template:Calculator 'tenths'Template:Efn
Template:Calculator thou Template:Efn or milTemplate:Efn
Template:Calculator pointsTemplate:Efn or griesTemplate:Efn
Template:Calculator PostScript points Template:Efn
Template:Calculator,Template:Efn<ref group=lower-alpha name=locke/> Template:Calculator,Template:Efn or Template:Calculator Template:Efn lines
Template:Calculator computer picas Template:Efn
Template:Calculator barleycorns Template:Efn
Template:Calculator US survey inches
Template:Sfrac or Template:Calculator palms (approximately)
Template:Sfrac or Template:Calculator hands Template:Efn

Template:Div col end

HistoryEdit

File:Inch converter.jpg

Mid-19th-century tool for converting between different standards of the inch

The earliest known reference to the inch in England is from the Laws of Æthelberht dating to the early 7th century, surviving in a single manuscript, the Textus Roffensis from 1120.<ref name="GoetzJarnut2003">Template:Cite book</ref> Paragraph LXVII sets out the fine for wounds of various depths: one inch, one shilling; two inches, two shillings, etc.Template:Efn

An Anglo-Saxon unit of length was the barleycorn. After 1066, 1 inch was equal to 3 barleycorns, which continued to be its legal definition for several centuries, with the barleycorn being the base unit.<ref name=Klein>Template:Cite book</ref> One of the earliest such definitions is that of 1324, where the legal definition of the inch was set out in a statute of Edward II of England, defining it as "three grains of barley, dry and round, placed end to end, lengthwise".<ref name=Klein />

Similar definitions are recorded in both English and Welsh medieval law tracts.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> One, dating from the first half of the 10th century, is contained in the Laws of Hywel Dda which superseded those of Dyfnwal, an even earlier definition of the inch in Wales. Both definitions, as recorded in Ancient Laws and Institutes of Wales (vol i., pp. 184, 187, 189), are that "three lengths of a barleycorn is the inch".<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

King David I of Scotland in his Assize of Weights and Measures (c. 1150) is said to have defined the Scottish inch as the width of an average man's thumb at the base of the nail, even including the requirement to calculate the average of a small, a medium, and a large man's measures.<ref name="Swinton1789">Template:Cite book</ref> However, the oldest surviving manuscripts date from the early 14th century and appear to have been altered with the inclusion of newer material.<ref name="GemmillMayhew2006">Template:Cite book</ref>

In 1814, Charles Butler, a mathematics teacher at Cheam School, recorded the old legal definition of the inch to be "three grains of sound ripe barley being taken out the middle of the ear, well dried, and laid end to end in a row", and placed the barleycorn, not the inch, as the base unit of the English Long Measure system, from which all other units were derived.<ref name=Butler>Template:Cite book</ref> John Bouvier similarly recorded in his 1843 law dictionary that the barleycorn was the fundamental measure.<ref>Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref> Butler observed, however, that "[a]s the length of the barley-corn cannot be fixed, so the inch according to this method will be uncertain", noting that a standard inch measure was now [i.e. by 1843] kept in the Exchequer chamber, Guildhall, and that was the legal definition of the inch.<ref name=Butler />

This was a point also made by George Long in his 1842 Penny Cyclopædia, observing that standard measures had since surpassed the barleycorn definition of the inch, and that to recover the inch measure from its original definition, in case the standard measure were destroyed, would involve the measurement of large numbers of barleycorns and taking their average lengths. He noted that this process would not perfectly recover the standard, since it might introduce errors of anywhere between one hundredth and one tenth of an inch in the definition of a yard.<ref>Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref>

Before the adoption of the international yard and pound, various definitions were in use. In the United Kingdom and most countries of the British Commonwealth, the inch was defined in terms of the Imperial Standard Yard. The United States adopted the conversion factor 1 metre = 39.37 inches by an act in 1866.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In 1893, Mendenhall ordered the physical realization of the inch to be based on the international prototype metres numbers 21 and 27, which had been received from the CGPM, together with the previously adopted conversion factor.<ref name="Mendenhall">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

As a result of the definitions above, the U.S. inch was effectively defined as 25.4000508 mm (with a reference temperature of 68 degrees Fahrenheit) and the UK inch at 25.399977 mm (with a reference temperature of 62 degrees Fahrenheit). When Carl Edvard Johansson started manufacturing gauge blocks in inch sizes in 1912, Johansson's compromise was to manufacture gauge blocks with a nominal size of 25.4mm, with a reference temperature of 20 degrees Celsius, accurate to within a few parts per million of both official definitions. Because Johansson's blocks were so popular, his blocks became the de facto standard for manufacturers internationally,<ref name=":0">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> with other manufacturers of gauge blocks following Johansson's definition by producing blocks designed to be equivalent to his.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

In 1930, the British Standards Institution adopted an inch of exactly 25.4 mm. The American Standards Association followed suit in 1933. By 1935, industry in 16 countries had adopted the "industrial inch" as it came to be known,<ref name="MeasuresStandards1936">Template:Cite conference</ref><ref name="WandmacherJohnson1995">Template:Cite book</ref> effectively endorsing Johansson's pragmatic choice of conversion ratio.<ref name=":0" />

In 1946, the Commonwealth Science Congress recommended a yard of exactly 0.9144 metres for adoption throughout the British Commonwealth. This was adopted by Canada in 1951;<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="MeasuresStandards1957">Template:Cite book</ref> the United States on 1 July 1959;<ref name="FR59-5442">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Standards1959">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="JudsonStandards1976">Template:Cite book</ref> Australia in 1961,<ref>Statutory Rule No. 142.</ref> effective 1 January 1964;<ref>Australian Government ComLaw Weights and Measures (National Standards) Regulations - C2004L00578</ref> and the United Kingdom in 1963,<ref>Weights and Measures Act of 1963.</ref> effective on 1 January 1964.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The new standards gave an inch of exactly 25.4 mm, 1.7 millionths of an inch longer than the old imperial inch and 2 millionths of an inch shorter than the old US inch.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=Astin/>

Related unitsEdit

US survey inchesEdit

The United States retained the Template:Sfrac-metre definition for surveying, producing a 2 millionth part difference between standard and US survey inches.<ref name = Astin>A. V. Astin & H. Arnold Karo, (1959), Refinement of values for the yard and the pound, Washington DC: National Bureau of Standards, republished on National Geodetic Survey web site and the Federal Register (Doc. 59-5442, Filed, 30 June 1959, 8:45 am)</ref> This is approximately Template:Sfrac inch per mile; 12.7 kilometres is exactly Template:Nts standard inches and exactly Template:Nts survey inches. This difference is substantial when doing calculations in State Plane Coordinate Systems with coordinate values in the hundreds of thousands or millions of feet.

In 2020, the National Institute of Standards and Technology announced that the U.S. survey foot would "be phased out" on 1 January 2023 and be superseded by the international foot (also known as the foot) equal to 0.3048 metres exactly, for all further applications.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> This implies that the survey inch was replaced by the international inch.

Continental inchesEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Before the adoption of the metric system, several European countries had customary units whose name translates into "inch". The French pouce measured roughly 27.0 mm, at least when applied to describe the calibre of artillery pieces. The Amsterdam foot (voet) consisted of 11 Amsterdam inches (duim). The Amsterdam foot is about 8% shorter than an English foot.<ref>*Template:Cite book </ref>

Scottish inchEdit

The now obsolete Scottish inch (Template:Langx), Template:Sfrac of a Scottish foot, was about 1.0016 imperial inches (about Template:Convert).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>