1537

File:Almagro en el Cuzco.jpg

April 18: Diego de Almagro breaks the siege of Cuzco in Peru

File:Patate clusius 1601.jpg

Potatoes are observed by Europeans for the first time during two Spanish expeditions in the Viceroyalty of Peru (pictured is a 1603 illustration of by Carolus Clusius's of "Papas Peruanorum").

Year 1537 (MDXXXVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar.

Events

January–March

• January 1 – Princess Madeleine of Valois, the 16-year-old daughter of François I, King of France, is married to King James V of Scotland in a ceremony at the cathedral of Notre-Dame de Paris. Already in ill health at the time of the marriage, Madaleine lives only six more months before dying at the Holyrood Palace in Edinburgh on July 7.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• January 6 – Alessandro de' Medici, Duke of Florence is assassinated by Lorenzino de' Medici, a distant cousin, who claims that he wants to reintroduce republican rule but has to flee to Venice. Instead Cosimo I of the junior branch of the Medici becomes the new duke.
• January 16 – Bigod's Rebellion, an uprising by Roman Catholics, led by Francis Bigod against Henry VIII of England and Protestant Rebellion, begins with an unsuccessful attempt to seize Scarborough Castle in Yorkshire.<ref name=Hicks>Template:Cite ODNB</ref>
• January 19 – Most of Bigod's forces are captured by the English Army at a dawn raid of their camp at Beverley, Yorkshire, but Bigod escapes to Mulgrave and then to what is then the County of Cumberland.<ref name=Hicks/>
• January – At the battle of Ollantaytambo, the Inca Emperor Manco Inca Yupanqui defeats the Spanish led by Hernando Pizarro and the Spaniards' Indian allies
• February 10 – Francis Bigod, leader of Bigod's rebellion is captured at Cumberland by the English Army and imprisoned at Carlisle Castle. He is hanged at Tyburn on June 2.<ref name=Hicks/>
• March 8 – Chipatá, now in the Santander Department of the Republic of Colombia, is founded by the Spanish conquistadors Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada and his brother Hernán Pérez de Quesada as the first settlement in what will become the Spanish colony of Nueva Granada, which will later be divided into the nations of Colombia and Venezuela.
• March 12 – Recife is founded by the Portuguese, in Brazil.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

April–June

• April 1 – The Archbishop of Norway, Olav Engelbrektsson, flees from Trondheim to Lier, Belgium.<ref>Template:Cite thesis</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• April 18 – Diego de Almagro successfully charges Manco Inca's siege of Cuzco, thereby saving his antagonists, the Pizarro brothers.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• April 20 – Spanish conquest of the Muisca: Bacatá, the main settlement of the Muisca Confederation, is conquered by Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada, effectively ending the Confederation in the Colombian Eastern Andes.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• May 17 –
  • The siege by Norwegian and Danish Protestants of Steinvikholm Castle in Norway, the former residence of the last Roman Catholic Archbishop of Norway, ended after a month when the Catholic defenders surrendered to the Danish commander, Tord Roed.{<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
  • The Ottoman Empire invaded southern Italy, attacking the cities of Apulia, Otranto and Brindisi, in a campaign that would last until November 22.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• June 2 – Pope Paul III publishes the encyclical Sublimis Deus, which declares the natives of the New World to be rational beings with souls, who must not be enslaved or robbed.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• June 23 – The Siege of Hamar ends with the arrest of Bishop Mogens Lauritssøn, and the Catholic rebellion is definitively ended in Norway.

July–September

• July 12– Rodrigo Orgóñez occupies and sacks the Inca center of Vitcos at the battle of Abancay, but Manco Inca Yupanqui escapes and establishes the independent Neo-Inca State elsewhere in Vilcabamba, Peru.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• July 22 – Upon the death of his father, Bhim Singh, Ratan Singh becomes the new ruler of the Kingdom of Amber with a capital at Amber in what is now the Rajasthan state in India<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• July 23 – The third Ottoman–Venetian War begins as the Ottoman Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent leads an invasion of the Republic of Venice. The war will continue until October 2, 1540.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• August 2 – The battle of Montemurlo, an attempt by residents of the former Republic of Florence to overthrow Cosimo I de' Medici, Duke of Florence and restore the republican government, ends in failure. The Medici family then takes revenge on the supporters of the Republic, including the Republic commander, General Piero Strozzi.
• August 12 – The coronation of Christian III as King of Denmark and King of Norway takes place at Copenhagen.<ref>The Royal Lineage Template:Webarchive</ref>
• August 15 – The city of Asunción, now the capital of the South American nation of Paraguay, is founded by Juan de Salazar de Espinosa.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• August 25 – The Honourable Artillery Company, the oldest surviving regiment in the British Army, and the second most senior, is formed.
• August 26–The siege of the island of Corfu is started by the Ottoman Empire Navy, commanded by Suleiman the Magnificent.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Suleiman abandons the siege in September after an outbreak of plague, and the Ottoman troops return home.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• September 2 – King Christian III of Denmark and Norway appoints Gjeble Pederssøn as Norway's first Lutheran bishop for the Church of Norway.<ref>Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref>
• September 12 – King Carlos I of Spain (who is also the Holy Roman Emperor) issues a royal decree providing for the first election in the New World, allowing he citizens of the Province of Rio de la Plata (now Paraguay) to elect a replacement for the late Captain-General Pedro de Mendoza.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Domingo Martínez de Irala is elected the new Captain-General in 1538.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

October–December

• October 15 – Following the baptism of her son, the future Edward VI of England, Jane Seymour begins suffering from puerperal fever. The Queen consort dies nine days later.<ref name="LevinBertolet2016">Template:Cite book</ref>

File:Silver coin of Kashmir Sultanate.jpg

Silver coin (sasnu) of the Kashmiri sultan Shams al-Din Shah II, 1537-38

• November 1 – In what is now the Central American nation of Honduras, the Spanish conquistadore Alonso de Cáceres arrives at the Peñol de Cerquín, the mountaintop fortress of King Lempira of the Lencas, the indigenous leader of the resistance against European rule. Cáceres sends envoys to request Lempira to surrender. In response, Lempira has the Spanish messengers executed.<ref>Robert S. Chamberlain, The Conquest and Colonization of Honduras: 1502–1550(Octagon Books, 1953) p.53 Template:OCLC</ref>
• November 27 – Alfonso d'Avalos, the Marquis of Vasto in Italy, enters into a three-month truce with the French Duke of Montmorency to negotiate a peace for which areas would be under French control.<ref>Christine Shaw, (2019).The Italian Wars 1494-1559: War, State and Society in Early Modern Europe (Routledge, 2019) p.222</ref>
• December 9 – Petar Keglević takes office as the new Ottoman Governor of Croatia and of Slavonia.<ref>Hrvatska enciklopedija- Keglević, Petar</ref>
• December 28 – The Ordonnance de Montpellier, establishing the first system in Europe for all writers to submit copies of their printed work to the government for review and maintenance in a library, is signed into law by King François I of France. The law provides that a book cannot be legally sold until a copy has been deposited in the royal library.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Date unknown

• Spanish counquistadors in what are now Peru and Colombia become the first Europeans to discover the potato, one of the staple foods for the indigenous residents, while exploring the houses of who have fled from their homes. Pedro Cieza de León, part of the expedition to Colombia, mentions the potato in a book that he publishes 16 years later<ref>Carolyn A. Nadeau, Food Matters: Alonso Quijano's Diet and the Discourse of Food in Early Modern Spain (University of Toronto Press, 2015) p.95</ref> while Don Juan Castellanos refers to the edible plant as part of a military report on raiding an Inca village in Peru.<ref>Redcliffe N. Salaman, The History and Social Influence of the Potato (Cambridge University Press, 1949, reprinted 1985) p.36</ref> The potato is introduced to Europe more than 30 years later, in 1570.<ref name=Walker>Barry Walker and Huw Lloyd, with Gerald Cheshire, Peruvian Wildlife: A Visitor's Guide to the Central Andes (Bradt Travel Guides, 2007) p.34</ref>
• Kashmiri sultan Muhammad Shah dies and he is succeeded by Shams al-Din Shah II as sultan of Kashmiri Shah Mir Sultanate in 1537.
• Kiritimati (Acea or "Christmas Island") is probably sighted by the Spanish mutineers from Hernando de Grijalva's expedition.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
• The Indian city of Bangalore is first mentioned in print. .<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• The dissolution of the monasteries takes place in Norway, as religious organizations are dissolved by King Christian III; these include Bakke Abbey, Munkeby Abbey, Tautra Abbey, Nidarholm Abbey, Gimsøy Abbey and Utstein Abbey.
• Publication is made of two complete Bible translations into English, both based on Tyndale's. Myles Coverdale's 1535 text is the first to be printed in England (by James Nicholson in Southwark, London)<ref name="Bible">Template:Cite book</ref> The Matthew Bible, edited by John Rogers under the pseudonym "Thomas Matthew" and printed in Antwerp.<ref name="Bible" />

Ongoing

• Dissolution of the monasteries in England: Religious organizations dissolved by Henry VIII of England include: Bisham Priory,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> Castle Acre Priory,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Chertsey Abbey,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Furness Abbey,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> London Charterhouse<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and Valle Crucis Abbey.

Births

File:Willem iv van den bergh.jpg

Willem IV van den Bergh

• January 16 – Albrecht VII, Count of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt (d. 1605)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• January 21 – Antonio Maria Salviati, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1602)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

• February 26 – Christopher II, Margrave of Baden-Rodemachern (d. 1575)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• March 4 or January 23 – Longqing Emperor, Emperor of China (d. 1572)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

• May 18 – Guido Luca Ferrero, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1585)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

• May 20 – Hieronymus Fabricius, Italian anatomist (d. 1619)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• May 27 – Louis IV, Landgrave of Hesse-Marburg, son of Landgrave Philip I (d. 1604)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• May 31 – Shah Ismail II of Persia (d. 1577)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

• June 3 – João Manuel, Prince of Portugal, Portuguese prince (d. 1554)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• July 20 – Arnaud d'Ossat, French diplomat and writer (d. 1604)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• July 29 – Pedro Téllez-Girón, 1st Duke of Osuna, Spanish duke (d. 1590)
• July 30 – Christopher, Duke of Mecklenburg and administrator of Ratzeburg (d. 1592)
• August 9 – Francesco Barozzi, Italian mathematician (d. 1604)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• August 15 – Shimazu Toshihisa, Japanese samurai (d. 1592)
• October – Lady Jane Grey, claimant to the throne of England (d. 1554)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

• October 12 – King Edward VI of England (d. 1553)<ref name="LevinBertolet2016"/>
• November 21 – Fadrique Álvarez de Toledo, 4th Duke of Alba, Spanish military leader (d. 1583)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• December 5 – Ashikaga Yoshiaki, Japanese shōgun (d. 1597)
• December 20 – King John III of Sweden (d. 1592)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• December 24 – Willem IV van den Bergh, Stadtholder of Guelders and Zutphen (d. 1586)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• December 26 – Albert, Count of Nassau-Weilburg (d. 1593)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• date unknown
  • Jane Lumley, English translator (d. 1578)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
  • Shimizu Muneharu, Japanese military commander (d. 1582)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
  • John Almond, English Cistercian monk (d. 1585)
  • Jan Krzysztof Tarnowski, Polish noble (d. 1567)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
  • Toyotomi Hideyoshi, Japanese warlord (d. 1598)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Deaths

File:Saint Gerolamo Emiliani (Morleiter, 1767) - Santa Maria della Salute - Venice 2016 (2).jpg

Saint Gerolamo Emiliani

File:Buenos Aires - San Telmo - Parque Lezama - 20071215c.jpg

Pedro de Mendoza

• January 6
  • Alessandro de' Medici, Duke of Florence (b. 1510)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
  • Baldassare Peruzzi, Italian architect and painter (b. 1481)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• January 12 – Lorenzo di Credi, Florentine painter and sculptor (b. 1459)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• February 2 – Johann Carion, German astrologer and chronicler (b. 1499)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• February 3 – Thomas FitzGerald, 10th Earl of Kildare, Anglo-Irish noble, rebel (executed) (b. 1513)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• February 8
  • Otto von Pack, German conspirator (b. c. 1480)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
  • Saint Gerolamo Emiliani, Italian humanitarian (b. 1481)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• January 11 – John, Hereditary Prince of Saxony, German prince (b. 1498)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• March 25 – Charles, Duke of Vendôme, French noble (b. 1489)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• March 28 – Francesco of Saluzzo, Marquess of Saluzzo (b. 1498)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• May 10 – Andrzej Krzycki, Polish archbishop (b. 1482)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• May 24 – Sophie of Brandenburg-Ansbach-Kulmbach, German princess (b. 1485)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• June 2
  • Francis Bigod, English noble, rebel (b. 1507)<ref name="rebel">Template:Cite book</ref>
  • Thomas Percy, English rebel (b 1504)<ref name="rebel" />
  • Adam Sedbar, English abbot and rebel (b. 1502)<ref name="rebel" />
• June 23 – Pedro de Mendoza, Spanish conquistador (b. 1487)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• June 29 – Henry Percy, 6th Earl of Northumberland, English noble (b. 1502)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• July 7 – Madeleine of Valois, queen of James V of Scotland (b. 1520)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• July 12 – Robert Aske, English lawyer, rebel (executed) (b. 1500)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• September 4 – Johann Dietenberger, German theologian (b. c. 1475)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• September 7 – Nikolaus von Schönberg, German Catholic cardinal (b. 1472)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• September 20 – Pavle Bakić, last Serb Despot and medieval Serb monarch<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• September 25 – William Framyngham, English author<ref>Template:Acad</ref>
• October 24 – Jane Seymour, 3rd queen consort of Henry VIII of England (complications of childbirth) (b. c. 1508)<ref name="LevinBertolet2016"/>
• October 29 – Elizabeth Lucar, English calligrapher (b. 1510)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• December 10 or December 11 – Andrey of Staritsa, son of Ivan III of Russia the Great (b. 1490)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• date unknown – John Kite, Archbishop of Armagh and Bishop of Carlisle<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• probable – Thomas Murner, German satirist (b. 1475)<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>