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1785 in Canada

Article Discussion

Template:Short description Template:More citations needed Template:Year in Canada Template:History of Canada Events from the year 1785 in Canada.

IncumbentsEdit

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GovernorsEdit

EventsEdit

  • North West Company strengthened far west trade through such forts as Athabasca and English River.
  • May 18: The city of Saint John, New Brunswick is incorporated.
  • Fredericton opens a Provincial Academy of Arts and Sciences, the germ of the University of New Brunswick (1859).
  • New Brunswick is separated from Nova Scotia
  • Du Calvet proposes Canadian representation in the British Parliament, three members, each, for the Districts of Quebec and Montreal.
  • To a proposed Elective Legislature, it is objected that French Canadians do not wish to change their customary laws, and that there are not enough fit men to compose a Legislature.
  • Isaac Brock takes command of the 49th Foot, which would be the backbone of the British Empire forces in Canada during the War of 1812.
  • Mohawk Chapel, the oldest church in Ontario, was constructed near Brantford, Ontario.

BirthsEdit

Full date unknownEdit

Historical documentsEdit

In Commons debate, one speaker says claim Canada and Nova Scotia can supply all West Indies' needs is "groundless," and another totally disagrees<ref>"House of Commons; Jamaica Petition," The Nova-Scotia Gazette and the Weekly Chronicle, Number 1013 (September 6, 1785), Page 2 of 2, lefthand page. Accessed 2 March 2023</ref>

Massachusetts report calls cod fishery in Nova Scotia "inconsiderable;" Newfoundland too dependent on U.S.; and French "no great hand" at it<ref>Letter to John Adams (December 20, 1785), U.S. National Archives. Accessed 15 March 2023</ref>

British Americans warned that British preference for colonies' whalers and trade to West Indies will be lost if U.S. is allowed same advantages<ref>"Parr, April 12," The Royal American Gazette, Vol. XI, Numb. DCLXXXVIII (April 18, 1785), pg. 3 Nova Scotia Archives. Accessed 7 March 2023</ref>

Get-rich-quick hopes of exporting to U.S. "are evaporating in bankruptcy;" Americans are "inhabitants of an exhausted country [never] able to pay"<ref>"Losses in the American Trade," The (Shelburne, N.S.) Royal American Gazette, Vol. XI, Numb. DCLXXVIII (February 7, 1785), pg. 1 Nova Scotia Archives. (See also bitter attack (under "Boston, April 9") against "Refugees [who] impede the wheels of government with their gold and[...]ruin our Merchants and Tradesmen by their importations") Accessed 7 March 2023</ref>

John Adams says U.S. issues with Britain, whether western posts or other matters, are made worse by states' treatment of loyalists<ref>"From John Adams to John Jay" (April 24, 1785), U.S. National Archives. Accessed 15 March 2023</ref>

Prime Minister Pitt receives Commons support to pay £150,000 (raised through lottery) to Loyalists to cover some of their various claims<ref>"Loyalists," The Nova-Scotia Gazette and the Weekly Chronicle, Number 1012 (August 30, 1785), Page 2 of 2, lefthand page. (See also in November 29 issue that appropriated amount is supplied on account at rate not above £40 per Centum for soldiers and £30 per Centum for other loyalists) Accessed 1 March 2023</ref>

Charleston, S.C. gives Loyalists 3 extra months beyond what's allowed under peace treaty to regain their property before they must leave<ref>"Extract of a Letter from Charlestown, dated March 24," The Nova-Scotia Gazette and the Weekly Chronicle, Number 1004 (July 5, 1785), Page 2 of 2, lefthand page, right column. Accessed 1 March 2023</ref>

Albany newspaper on punctuality of return of Indigenous-held captives compared to British withholding western posts (Note: "savage" used)<ref>"Albany, July 14," The Nova-Scotia Gazette and the Weekly Chronicle, Number 1010 (August 16, 1785), Page 2 of 2, righthand page. (See also opinion (under "Hartford, April 4") that Canada is fortifying "to oppose the claims of the United States to the westward posts and the Indian trade") Accessed 1 March 2023</ref>

Lower CanadaEdit

Petition from "greatest part of the inhabitants" of Canada asks for house of assembly, though spirit of independence is "much to be feared"<ref>"London; An express is just arrived from Canada[....]," The Royal American Gazette, Vol. XI, Numb. DCXCVI (June 13, 1785), pg. 2 Nova Scotia Archives. (See also comment on counter petition on following page) Accessed 7 March 2023</ref>

John Adams speculates that Carleton, Haldimand, Hamilton and Brant are in London to discuss various issues with British government<ref>"From John Adams to John Jay" (December 15, 1785), U.S. National Archives. Accessed 15 March 2023</ref>

Comprehensive ordinance mandates jury trials "in actions of a commercial nature and personal wrongs to be compensated in damages"<ref>"Anno vicesimo quinto Georgii III Regis; Chap. II; An Ordinance" (April 21, 1785), The Quebec Gazette, Nomb. 1027 (April 28, 1785), pgs. 1-7. Accessed 9 March 2023</ref>

Lt. Gov. Henry Hamilton thanked by 80 Montreal merchant and trading firms for jury trial ordinance and facilitating "Trade to the Indian Country"<ref>"To the Honorable Henry Hamilton[....]" (May 9, 1785), The Quebec Gazette, Nomb. 1034 (June 16, 1785), pg. 2. (See also (same page) similar letter from Quebec City) Accessed 9 March 2023</ref>

65th Regiment will relieve 8th in Canada, and join 29th, 31st, 34th, 44th and 53rd regiments<ref>"March 28; The 65th regiment[....]," The Quebec Gazette, Nomb. 1030 (May 19, 1785), pg. 1. Accessed 9 March 2023 (See also report (PDF pgs. 52-3) that regiments are "wanting near 350 men to complete to their establishments")</ref>

For sale: Mont-Louis seigneury about 100 leagues below Quebec City, considered "best on the river St. Lawrence for carrying on the Cod Fishery"<ref>"Seigniory of Mount Lewis," The Quebec Gazette, Nomb. 1048 (September 22, 1785), pg. 3. Accessed 10 March 2023</ref>

More than £540 was raised for poor in 1784 to care for 71 people in Hôtel-Dieu, with medical expenses of £187+ and £166+ for food, bedding etc.<ref>"A succinct State of the Subscription of last year in behalf of the Poor[....]," The Quebec Gazette, Nomb. 1012 (January 13, 1785), pg. 3. Accessed 8 March 2023</ref>

London fund of £40,000 "ready for immediate advancement" in loans of £200 or more based on security of borrowers' life insurance policies<ref>"Money Advanced," The Quebec Gazette, Nomb. 1030 (May 19, 1785), pg. 2. Accessed 9 March 2023</ref>

Quebec City barrister offers to assess security of funds anyone wishes to lend for 1-2 years or provide in form of annuity<ref>"Whereas several persons[....]" (August 16, 1785), The Quebec Gazette, Nomb. 1045 (September 1, 1785), pg. 3. Accessed 10 March 2023</ref>

For sale: "Negro-wench" (26; "understands thoroughly every kind of house-work") with her child, "stout Negro-boy" (13), and horse, cariole and harness<ref>"A Gentleman going to England[....]" (May 10, 1785), The Quebec Gazette, Nomb. 1029 (May 12, 1785), pg. 4. Accessed 9 March 2023</ref>

Elizabeth McNiell offers $6 for return of "Negro Man named Cuff [who] has some scars on his temples and a scar on one of his hands"<ref>"Ran Away the 28th or 29th[....]" (June 6, 1785), The Quebec Gazette, Nomb. 1033 (June 9, 1785), pg. 3. Accessed 9 March 2023</ref>

After death of child hit by log thrown off cliff into lower-town Quebec City, people should not drop sticks and stones there (Note: wound described)<ref>"Quebec, September 22," The Quebec Gazette, Nomb. 1048 (September 22, 1785), pg. 2. Accessed 10 March 2023</ref>

Noting "disadvantages" of young women seeking "a polite and liberal Education," teacher will show they can shine in "Literary World" as much as males<ref>"Education for young Ladies," The Quebec Gazette, Nomb. 1053 (October 27, 1785), pg. 3. Accessed 10 March 2023</ref>

Montreal's "variety of amusements" include private concerts for "the Cream of the Town" that lead to jealousy and duelling<ref>Letter of P. Langan (January 13, 1785), Library and Archives Canada. Accessed 15 March 2023</ref>

William and Charlotte Goudges apologize for injuring "the Character of Miss Peggy Shankle[...]by wrongfully accusing her of stealing"<ref>"We do Certify to the public[....]" (June 29, 1785), The Quebec Gazette, Nomb. 1036 (June 30, 1785), pg. 2. Accessed 9 March 2023</ref>

Upper CanadaEdit

Petition calls for district west of Montreal that, though under government of Canada, will have British laws and regulations Loyalists favour<ref>"The Petition of Sir John Johnson and Other Loyalists" (April 11, 1785), Records of Niagara; 1784-1787 PDF pgs. 40-3. Accessed 13 March 2023</ref>

Lt. Gov. Henry Hope suggests Loyalists' rations continue until 1786 harvest because they have planted all this year's grain crop<ref>"From Lieut. Governor Henry Hope to Lord Sydney" (November 5, 178[5]), Records of Niagara; 1784-1787 PDF pgs. 53-4. Accessed 14 March 2023</ref>

Six Nations superintendent says 1,000 are living on Grand River "in a very promising state," though settlers among them are disorderly<ref>"From John Dease to Lieutenant Governor Hamilton" (September 16, 1785), Records of Niagara; 1784-1787 PDF pgs. 50-1. (See also photo of "Chapel of Mohawks, built in 1785") Accessed 13 March 2023</ref>

John Deserontyon's disappointment at Haldimand and Brant, and "Love & Care" for his women, children, and Loyalists ("whose Cause is ours")<ref>Letter of John Deseronto (translation; February 15, 1785), Library and Archives Canada. Accessed 15 March 2023</ref>

Gov. Haldimand recommends indulging Haudenosaunee because U.S. is trying to woo them back, but "Western Indians" require less indulgence<ref>"Memorandum by General Haldimand" (March 16, 1785), Records of Niagara; 1784-1787 PDF pgs. 39-40. Accessed 13 March 2023</ref>

Montreal merchant, owner of islands opposite Cataraqui "granted to his ancestors," advises settlers not to clear or build on his land<ref>"Michel Curot, of Montreal[....]" (April 1, 1785), The Quebec Gazette, Nomb. 1026 (April 21, 1785), pg. 4. Accessed 9 March 2023</ref>

Hector St. John de Crèvecoeur describes Niagara Falls, including long, difficult descent to rocks below Horseshoe Falls<ref>Hector St. John de Crèvecoeur, Description of the Falls of Niagara; 1785 Toronto Public Library. Accessed 14 March 2023</ref>

Nova ScotiaEdit

"Thoughtfull" warns in letter-to-the-editor that lack of paper money will lead to province's "wretchedness" in trade and agriculture<ref>"To the Printer of the Nova-Scotia Gazette," The Nova-Scotia Gazette and the Weekly Chronicle, Number 1012 (August 30, 1785), Page 2 of 2, righthand page. (See also September 6 issue (Page 2 of 2) for reply that paper money is worthless if not based on credit, followed in September 27 and October 4 issues by further responses) Accessed 1 March 2023</ref>

As West Indian merchants seek commerce with U.S., "it is highly necessary we should [compete] at all points" (timber, fish, cattle etc.)<ref>"Shelburne, Feb. 2; Extract of a Letter from a Gentleman of distinction in London," The Nova-Scotia Gazette and the Weekly Chronicle, Number 983 (February 15, 1785), Page 2 of 2, righthand page, left column. Accessed 24 February 2023 (See also in October 4 issue (Page 2 of 2, righthand page, left column) similar letter from London urging "utmost endeavours to secure the exclusive advantage of supplying the West India islands without which I do not see how you are to succeed or flourish," and MP Brook Watson's word that "there is no reason to apprehend a free trade being allowed between the British Islands in the West Indies and the American States")</ref>

One ship in port has 123 barrels of oil from whaling off Brazil, and another's owner to be first "gentleman" to take province's produce to England<ref>"Shelburne, June 20," The Royal American Gazette, Vol. XI, Numb. DCXCVII (June 20, 1785), pg. 3 Nova Scotia Archives. Accessed 8 March 2023</ref>

Too little relief for Loyalists is caused by "poverty" rather than lack of will, and delay in getting each claim's exact information<ref>"London, Octo. 30; The scantiness[....]," The Nova-Scotia Gazette and the Weekly Chronicle, Number 983 (February 15, 1785), Page 2 of 2, centre column. Accessed 24 February 2023</ref>

British commissioners have arrived "to enquire into the Losses and Services" claimed by Loyalists unable to be present in England<ref>"Office of American Claims, Halifax" (November 15, 1785), The Nova-Scotia Gazette and the Weekly Chronicle, Number 1024 (November 22, 1785), Page 2 of 2, righthand page. Accessed 2 March 2023 (See also act for commissioners "further to enquire into the Losses and Services")</ref>

Halifax official has "abundance of distressful stories" from N.S. and N.B. of danger of starvation from "shortness of provisions"<ref>"Mather Byles Jr. to Edward Winslow" (January 25, 1785), Winslow Papers; A.D. 1776-1826, pgs. 264-5. Accessed 16 March 2023</ref>

"Lawless outrage" - £20 reward offered for information leading to conviction of person(s) who destroyed gates of turnpike on Sackville Bridge<ref>"Whereas some wicked and evil minded Person[....]," The Nova-Scotia Gazette and the Weekly Chronicle, Number 1013 (September 6, 1785), Page 2 of 2, righthand page, centre column. (See also in September 13 issue (Page 1 of 2) that reward of £50 offered and pardon promised to any involved who inform on "principal Persons"] Accessed 2 March 2023</ref>

Fewer suspects to be jailed when cases of "simple Larceny" or not involving life or limb are tried in special Justice of the Peace courts<ref>"An Act to empower the Justices of the Peace to hold Special Courts of Sessions for the Purposes therein mentioned" (1785), 26 George III, Chapter 2, British North American Legislative Database, 1758-1867. Accessed 23 February 2023</ref>

Shelburne Chamber of Commerce unanimously agrees to establishment of loan bank<ref>"Chamber of Commerce" (May 2, 1785), The Royal American Gazette, Vol. XI, Numb. DCXCI (May 9, 1785), pg. 3 Nova Scotia Archives. Accessed 7 March 2023</ref>

Shelburne-Annapolis link to be funded by subscription, with 50 acres along road to "be allowed" for every pound subscribed (£20 limit)<ref>"As it is of the utmost consequence[....]," The Royal American Gazette, Vol. XI, Numb. DCLXXVI (January 24, 1785), pg. 1 Nova Scotia Archives. Accessed 7 March 2023</ref>

Description of timber, fishery and livestock around what is now Digby County, where "the Settlers are generally Poor but industrous"<ref>"Samuel Goldsbury to Edward Winslow" (March 1, 1785), Winslow Papers; A.D. 1776-1826, pgs. 270-1. Accessed 16 March 2023</ref>

1,500-acre Windsor-area farm for sale, with brew and bake houses, grist mill, granaries and orchards; livestock and "farming utensils" also for sale<ref>"To Be Sold at Private Sale[....]," The Nova-Scotia Gazette and the Weekly Chronicle, Number 977 (January 4, 1785), Page 1 of 2. Accessed 24 February 2023</ref>

Surveyor informs Gov. Parr that Blacks have settled on 1-acre lots near Digby, and should not be forced to move and "begin anew"<ref>Letter of Thomas Millidge to Gov. Parr (ca. mid-March 1785), Black Loyalists: Our History, Our People. Accessed 16 March 2023</ref>

Black preacher John Marrant publishes his life story before leaving London for Nova Scotia, where he will found Methodist church in Birchtown<ref>"A Narrative of the Lord's wonderful Dealings with John Marrant(....)" (1785). Accessed 3 March 2023 (See also entries from Marrant's journal of his voyage to and early work in N.S.)</ref>

Edward Winslow describes his "three black servants or slaves" (editor's footnote), Caesar, Frank and Juba<ref>William O. Raymond (ed.), "Edward Winslow to Benjamin Marston" (April 10, 1785), Winslow Papers; A.D. 1776-1826 (1901), pg. 293. Accessed 17 March 2023</ref>

Recently "was tried and convicted Anthony Johnston, and Henry Graham, two Negro Men for a Rape," and also "a Negro Woman" for theft<ref>"Halifax, July 19," The Nova-Scotia Gazette and the Weekly Chronicle, Number 1006 (July 19, 1785), Page 2 of 2, righthand page. (See also notice in August 9 issue of execution of both men) Accessed 1 March 2023</ref>

"To Be Sold; A stout Negro Girl about Nine Years old, for further Particulars enquire of the Printer"<ref>"To Be Sold," The Nova-Scotia Gazette and the Weekly Chronicle, Number 984 (February 15, 1785), Page 2 of 2, righthand page, centre column bottom. Accessed 24 February 2023</ref>

"Negro Man" John Gibson alias John Boocher sought by Halifax man offering $10 reward<ref>"Run Away" (July 6, 1785), The Nova-Scotia Gazette and the Weekly Chronicle, Number 1005 (July 12, 1785), Page 2 of 2, righthand page. Accessed 1 March 2023</ref>

Report that statehood convention is being organized in Maine, where people prefer Nova Scotia to Boston as trading partner<ref>Letter to John Adams (October 24, 1785), U.S. National Archives. Accessed 15 March 2023</ref>

Learn dead reckoning and finding latitude and longitude by celestial means without spending time on theory of "little Use to seamen in General"<ref>"Navigation," The Nova-Scotia Gazette and the Weekly Chronicle, Number 984 (February 22, 1785), Page 2 of 2, righthand page, left column. Accessed 24 February 2023</ref>

Mrs. Mollierre announces school where girls can learn French and mantle-making business; also offers French lessons for ladies<ref>"A French School," The Nova-Scotia Gazette and the Weekly Chronicle, Number 1005 (July 12, 1785), Page 2 of 2, righthand page. (See also (on same page) notice of another French school and adult lessons) Accessed 1 March 2023</ref>

"A Wom[a]n with good Breast of Milk, Wants a Nurse Child. Enquire of the Printer"<ref>"A Women[....]," The Nova-Scotia Gazette and the Weekly Chronicle, Number 978 (January 11, 1785), Page 2 of 2 (centre column on page on right). Accessed 24 February 2023</ref>

"The cultivation of social love" - Minister encourages Masons to pursue their tradition of charity and benevolence<ref>Joshua Wingate Weeks, "A sermon preached at St. Paul's Church in Halifax[....]" (June 24, 1785), pg. 7 (PDF pg. 11). Accessed 3 March 2023</ref>

William Ellis and 13 others of Windsor thank 54th Regiment leaders for treating their soldiers so well that they never abused townspeople<ref>"To General Bruce and the Officers who served under his Command at Fort Edward" (July 9, 1785), The Nova-Scotia Gazette and the Weekly Chronicle, Number 1005 (July 12, 1785), Page 2 of 2, righthand page. Accessed 1 March 2023</ref>

Nova Scotia official Edward Winslow tells his wife they can finally prepare to move to New Brunswick, where he will work in provincial government<ref>"Letter from Edward Winslow to Mary Winslow" (April 29, 1785), Loyalist Women in New Brunswick, 1783-1827. Accessed 6 March 2023</ref>

New BrunswickEdit

New Brunswick Loyalist (from Virginia) praises N.B. geography, timber resources, shipbuilding, fishery and grazing, and their prospects<ref>Extract of letter of William Donaldson (February 9, 1785), Winslow Papers; A.D. 1776-1826, pgs. 266-8. Accessed 16 March 2023</ref>

Saint John, N.B. charter grants only white residents liberties of "freemen" and restricts Black economic activity as mayor sees fit<ref>The Charter of the City of Saint John in the Province of New-Brunswick (May 18, 1785), pgs. 15-16, 18-19 Accessed 24 February 2023</ref>

Miramichi too underpopulated to make government job there pay, so Benjamin Marston considers "going into the Commission business" to sell goods<ref>"Benjamin Marston to Edward Winslow" (July 17, 1785), Winslow Papers; A.D. 1776-1826, pg. 309. Accessed 17 March 2023</ref>

Bills of sale of enslaved Black man Josiah Cutten show Montrealer buys him for £32/10 and "gray Horse" in February and sells him for £50 in March<ref>"Bill of Sale of Josiah Cutten" (February 18, 1785; March 29, 1785), The John Askin Papers; Volume I: 1747-1795 (1928), pgs. 284-6. Accessed 24 February 2023</ref>

Rules established for firefighters' organization in Parrtown, Saint John (Note: few pages are missing)<ref>"Rules and Orders to be observed by the Friendly-Fire-Club" (1787). Accessed 3 March 2023</ref>

60-year-old John Hall, 18-year Irish Black resident, petitions for land he was cheated of by neighbour's fraud; Council says pursue claim in court<ref>"The Petition of John Hall" (March 4, 1785), Black Loyalists in New Brunswick, University of New Brunswick Libraries. (See also petition of another cheated Black Loyalist) Accessed 6 March 2023</ref>

Although veterans are granted 20 acres of land and sergeants 30, Sgt. Thomas Peters of Black Pioneers and 13 comrades receive 1 acre each<ref>"The Petition of Thomas Peters" (October 25, 1785), Black Loyalists in New Brunswick, University of New Brunswick Libraries. Accessed 6 March 2023</ref>

"I have been this winter almost Template:Sic at Deaths door" - William Fisher, former servant, has received no land or provisions since being freed<ref>"The Petition of William Fisher" (received March 14, 1785), Black Loyalists in New Brunswick, University of New Brunswick Libraries. Accessed 6 March 2023</ref>

Prince Edward IslandEdit

Privy Council finds confiscation of John Macdonald's and other Proprietors' land was illegal and "Purchasers[...]are liable to heavy damages"<ref>"Letter from John MacDonald to sisters" (June 27, 1785), The MacDonald Family Letters, 1779-1801, University of New Brunswick Libraries. Accessed 6 March 2023</ref>

Quakers allowed to affirm instead of swear oath in court, but not allowed to give evidence in criminal prosecutions<ref>"An Act for permitting Persons of the Profession of the People called Quakers to make an Affirmation instead of taking an Oath" George III, 25th Year, Chapter 10, The Statutes at Large, of Prince Edward Island[...]1773 to 1833, inclusive (1834), pgs. 113-14. Accessed 24 February 2023</ref>

Cape BretonEdit

Painting: "Founding of Sydney, 1785;" reproduction of William Booth's watercolour (August 1785)<ref>"Places: Cape Breton: Sydney: Founding of Sydney 1785: Reproduction of a watercolour by William Booth" Nova Scotia Archives. Accessed 8 March 2023</ref>

Males may get sentence of up to 1 year in coal mines in addition to receiving burn in hand for grand larceny and whipping for petty larceny<ref>"An Ordinance for more Effectually preventing and Punishing Felonies and Larcenies" (1785), 25 George III, Chapter 6, British North American Legislative Database, 1758-1867. Accessed 23 February 2023</ref>

Persons owed £5 or less can seek summary judgment against their debtors in weekly court of commissioners appointed to hear such cases<ref>"An Ordinance for the more Easy and Speedy Recovery of small Debts" (1785), 25 George III, Chapter 7, British North American Legislative Database, 1758-1867. Accessed 23 February 2023</ref>

All sales of game (venison, moose, bear, hare, rabbit, partridge, pigeon, duck or other waterfowl) in Sydney must be at public market<ref>"An Ordinance for regulating the Market for Wild Provisions Game and Fish of Sydney" (1785), 25 George III, Chapter 8, British North American Legislative Database, 1758-1867. Accessed 23 February 2023</ref>

NewfoundlandEdit

Bill to temporarily restrict U.S. trade to Newfoundland to bread, flour and livestock, and that only in British-built and -owned ships<ref>"London, February 24; Copy of the Newfoundland Trade Bill," The Royal American Gazette, Vol. XI, Numb. DCLXXXIX (April 25, 1785), pg. 4 Nova Scotia Archives. (See also Commons debate on bill, and Boston circular letter warning this and other British laws will destroy U.S. carrying trade) Accessed 7 March 2023</ref>

Admiral John Campbell reports more than 50 merchant ships have sailed from Newfoundland to "Lisbon, Oporto, Alicant, &c."<ref>"August 1; Saturday morning[....]," The Quebec Gazette, Nomb. 1052 (October 13, 1785), pg. 1. Accessed 10 March 2023</ref>

Three lives and 7,000 quintals of fish lost as ship from Newfoundland founders on Caparica shore near Lisbon; rest of crew saved "with great difficulty"<ref>"Lisbon, Jan. 9," The Port-Roseway Gazetteer; and the Shelburne Advertiser, Vol. I, No. XXVI (April 28, 1785), pg. 1 Accessed 8 March 2023</ref>

Report from Boston that British frigates fired on U.S. fishers on Grand Banks<ref>"New-York, June 16," The Quebec Gazette, Nomb. 1045 (September 1, 1785), pg. 2. Accessed 10 March 2023</ref>

George Cartwright finds "incredible" slaughter of penguins and other birds happens on Funk Island, and fears they will be nearly wiped out<ref>C.W. Townsend (ed.), "Tuesday, July 5, 1785", Captain Cartwright and His Labrador Journal (1911), pgs. 318-19 Accessed 6 March 2023</ref>

ElsewhereEdit

Cartwright finds convicts brought to Labrador from Newgate Prison "so intolerably idle that nothing but severity can induce them to do their work"<ref>C.W. Townsend (ed.), "Saturday, December 10, 1785", Captain Cartwright and His Labrador Journal (1911), pgs. 323-4 Accessed 6 March 2023</ref>

Master of Hudson's Bay Company sloop hears Inuit have many wolf and deer skins and are "very glad" to know there will be annual trade<ref>"Remarks in Navels Bay" (July 29, 1785), Churchill post journal PDF frame 20. Accessed 14 March 2023</ref>

Census (by or for Daniel Claus) lists Indigenous nations, mostly between Lake Huron and Lake Winnipeg<ref>"D Claus; Census of Indians; no date" Library and Archives Canada. Accessed 15 March 2023</ref>

Loyalist says that situation is "very unpleasant" in New York because of "Imposts, Rents, enormous Taxes &c we poor Tories have got to pay"<ref>Letter of Michael Roberts to Gideon White (March 30, 1785), pg. 2 Nova Scotia Archives. Accessed 16 March 2023</ref>

Congress to compensate Canadians Pierre Ayotte, James Livingston and Thomas Walker for services to Continental Army and revolutionary cause<ref>Journals of the Continental Congress, 1785. Ayotte https://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=lljc&fileName=029/lljc029.db&recNum=203 Livingston https://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=lljc&fileName=028/lljc028.db&recNum=89 Walker https://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=lljc&fileName=028/lljc028.db&recNum=256 Accessed 18 March 2023</ref>

ReferencesEdit

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