1867 Canadian federal election
Template:Short description Template:Use mdy dates Template:Infobox election The 1867 Canadian federal election was held from August 7 to September 20, 1867, and was the first post-Confederation federal election in Canada. It was held to elect members representing electoral districts in the provinces of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Ontario and Quebec to the House of Commons of the 1st Canadian Parliament. The provinces of Manitoba (1870) and British Columbia (1871) were created during the term of the 1st Parliament of Canada and were not part of this election.
Sir John A. Macdonald had been sworn in as prime minister by the Governor General, Lord Monck, when the new Canadian nation was founded on 1 July 1867. As leader of the Conservative Party of Canada (known as the Liberal-Conservative Party until 1873), he led his party in this election and continued as Prime Minister of Canada when the Conservatives won a majority of the seats in the election, including majorities of the seats (and votes) in the new provinces of Ontario and Quebec.
The Liberal Party of Canada won the second most seats overall, including a majority of the seats (and votes) in the province of New Brunswick. The Liberals did not have a party leader in the election. George Brown, who was the leader of the Liberal Party of Ontario, was considered the "elder statesman" of the national party. Brown ran concurrently for seats in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario and the House of Commons of Canada, and might well have been Prime Minister in the unlikely event that the Liberals prevailed over the Conservatives in the national election. Brown failed to win a seat in either body, and the national Liberals remained officially leaderless until 1873.
The Anti-Confederation Party, led by Joseph Howe, won the third most seats overall, based solely on a majority of seats (and votes) in the province of Nova Scotia. Their main desire was the reversal of the decision to join Confederation, which had become highly unpopular in that province. The goals of the Anti-Confederation Members of Parliament (MPs) were openly supported by five of the Liberal MPs of New Brunswick. The Anti-Confederation MPs sat with the Liberal caucus. When the government in Britain refused to allow Nova Scotia to secede, a majority of the Anti-Confederation MPs (11 of 18) moved to the Conservatives.
Halifax was a two-member riding at the time of the election, while the City of Saint John was represented by its own district and the County of Saint John. The election in Kamouraska, Quebec was delayed due to rioting.
ElectionEdit
The first Canadian election took place without a uniform set of election laws to govern the selection of members to the House of Commons,Template:Sfn an interim measure until Parliament could pass its own election laws, which did not come until 1885.Template:Sfn Instead, the election was contested under the rules set by each individual province prior to confederation, and future elections would be contested under provincial rules until a time when federal parliament set their own rules. Because of this, voting rights were inconsistent, as was the method of casting a ballot.Template:Sfn The BNA Act did stipulate that in the district of Algoma any male British subject of 21 years of age or older, "being a householder," would have the right to vote.
The election took place over a six-week period from August 7 to September 20, with electoral district polls closing at different dates throughout the period.Template:Sfn Under the system each electoral district was required to be polled in one day, but the day did not have to be the same across all electoral districts. The exception to the extended polling period (often called "polling circuits") being Nova Scotia which abolished the practice of polling different districts on different days after excessive violence was reported in the 1843 election.Template:Sfn
FranchiseEdit
The basic general requirement to vote across provinces was the requirement to be a male British subject 21 years of age or older. Voting was conducted in Ontario, Quebec and Nova Scotia through oral vote which required an eligible elector to declare their choice.Template:Sfn New Brunswick had adopted a form of secret ballot in 1855,Template:Sfn where electors write the name of a candidate on a piece of paper and deposit the vote in a ballot box.Template:Sfn
In all provinces, women and government employees including civil servants, judges, police and prosecutors were not permitted to vote.Template:Sfn Indigenous individuals who met property criteria were excluded from voting eligibility in most provinces if they received a benefit paid by the government.Template:Sfn
The Ontario elections laws were updated in 1866, with electors required to meet a property qualification of being an owner or tenant with a property value listed on the assessment roll of $600 in a city, $400 in a town, $300 in an incorporated village, and $100 in a township or police village.Template:Sfn<ref>Template:Cite canlaw</ref>Template:SfnTemplate:Efn Furthermore, urban residents must prove an annual income of at least $250.Template:Sfn An estimated 16.5 per cent of the population of Ontario was enfranchised for the 1867 election.Template:Sfn In Quebec, the property qualification for being an owner was $300 in urban areas and $200 in rural areas, and a tenant required a rent of $30 in an urban area or $20 in a rural area.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn Nova Scotia's election laws were passed in 1863, and had a property qualification for owners or tenants of $150, and enfranchised persons with $300 of personal property.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn<ref>Template:Cite canlaw</ref> while New Brunswick had a property qualification for owners of $100 and an annual income of $400, but also gave the vote to anyone who owned real or personal property with a total value of $400 or more.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn
Electoral system, Representation by populationEdit
The number of members in each province in Confederation was set by the Constitution Act, 1867 on the principle of representation by population.Template:Sfn The Act provided Quebec a minimum of 65 seats and seat allotment for the remainder of the country was based by dividing the average population of Quebec's 65 electoral districts to determine the number of seats for other provinces.Template:Sfn The Act also specified that distribution and boundary reviews should occur after each 10 year census.Template:Sfn
The BNA Act established that there would be 181 MPs ("subject to provisions of this Act") - 82 from Ontario, 65 from Quebec, 19 from Nova Scotia, and 15 from New Brunswick. Each would be elected in a single-member district, except there would be two elected in Halifax.<ref>The BNA Act https://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/rp-pr/csj-sjc/constitution/lawreg-loireg/p1t11.html</ref> Each voter cast one vote, except the Halifax voters who cast up to two votes (Plurality block voting).<ref>Parliamentary Guide 1969, p. 333-334</ref>
ResultsEdit
File:Canadian Parliament Layout 1867.svg
| Party | Party leader | # of candidates |
Elected | Popular vote | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| # | % | Conservative | Sir John A. Macdonald | 83 | 71 | 64,179 | 23.92% | Liberal-ConservativeTemplate:Efn | 32 | 29 | 29,730 | 11.08% | Liberal | none (unofficially, George Brown) | 66 | 62 | 60,818 | 22.67% | Anti-ConfederationTemplate:Efn | Joseph Howe | 20 | 18 | 21,239 | 7.92% | Independents | 1 | - | 1,756 | 0.65% | Independent Liberal | 1 | - | 1,048 | 0.39% | Unknown | 140 | - | 89,547 | 33.37% | |||
| Vacant - 1 | – | 0 | – | – | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | 343 | 180 | 268,317 | 100% | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Source: <ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Acclamations
The following MPs were acclaimed:
- Ontario: 3 Conservative, 3 Liberal-Conservatives, 9 Liberals
- Quebec: 14 Conservatives, 5 Liberal-Conservatives, 4 Liberals
- New Brunswick: 1 Conservative, 3 Liberals
- Nova Scotia: 4 Anti-Confederates
Vacancy
The election in Kamouraska, Quebec, was cancelled due to rioting at the polling places. No member was elected for the riding until a by-election in 1869.<ref>Library of Parliament - History of Federal Ridings since 1867: Kamouraska.</ref>
Results by provinceEdit
| Party name | Ontario | Quebec | NB | NS | Total | Conservative | Seats | 33 | 36 | 1 | 1 | 71 | Vote | 26.2% | 28.5% | 13.8% | 23.2% | Liberal-Conservative | Seats | 16 | 11 | 2 | - | 29 | Vote | 12.5% | 12.3% | 11.1% | 3.5% | 11.1% | Liberal | Seats | 33 | 17 | 12 | 62 | Vote | 23.7% | 25.2% | 49.5% | 22.7% | Anti-Confederation | Seats | 18 | 18 | Vote | 58.2% | 7.9% | Unknown | Seats | - | - | - | - | - | Vote | 35.6% | 34.1% | 39.3% | 23.06% | 34% | Independent | Seats | - | - | Vote | 1.3% | 0.7% | Independent Liberal | Seats | - | - | Vote | 0.7% | 0.4% | |||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total seats | 82 | 64 | 15 | 19 | 180 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
By districtEdit
Nova ScotiaEdit
Western Nova ScotiaEdit
Eastern Nova ScotiaEdit
| Electoral District | Candidates | Incumbent | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Winner | Runner up | Other | ||||||
| Antigonish | Template:Canadian party colour| | Hugh McDonald (A Conf) 1,238 |
William Alexander Henry (Cons.) 390 |
William Alexander Henry & John McKinnon | ||||
| Cape Breton | Template:Canadian party colour| | James McKeagney (A Conf.) Accl. |
Thomas Caldwell & John George Bourinot | |||||
| Guysborough | Template:Canadian party colour| | Stewart Campbell (A Conf.) Accl. |
William O. Heffernan & Stewart Campbell | |||||
| Inverness | Template:Canadian party colour| | Hugh Cameron (A Conf) 1,186 |
Samuel McDonnell (Cons.) 601 |
Hiram Blanchard, Peter Smyth & Samuel McDonnell | ||||
| Pictou | Template:Canadian party colour| | James William Carmichael (A Conf) 2,011 |
James McDonald (Cons.) 1,653 |
James Fraser, James McDonald, Donald Fraser & Alexander MacKay | ||||
| Richmond | Template:Canadian party colour| | William Joseph Croke (A Conf) 545 |
Donovan 279 |
Isaac LeVesconte & William Miller | ||||
| Victoria | Template:Canadian party colour| | William Ross (A Conf.) Accl. |
William Ross & Charles James Campbell | |||||
New BrunswickEdit
Northern New BrunswickEdit
| Electoral District | Candidates | Incumbent | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Winner | Runner up | Other | ||||||
| Gloucester | Template:Canadian party colour| | Timothy Anglin (Lib) 1,061 |
John Meahan 671 |
Robert Young & John Meahan | ||||
| Kent | Template:Canadian party colour| | Auguste Renaud (Lib) 876 |
Lestock P. W. DesBrisay 757 |
Owen McInerney 485 Robert Barry Cutler 4 |
William Shand Caie & Owen McInerney | |||
| Northumberland | Template:Canadian party colour| | John Mercer Johnson (Lib) 1,226 |
Thomas F. Gillespie 757 |
John Mercer Johnson, Edward Williston, Richard Sutton, George Kerr | ||||
| Restigouche | Template:Canadian party colour| | John McMillan (Lib) 370 |
John Phillips 259 |
John McMillan & Alexander C. DesBrisay | ||||
| Victoria | Template:Canadian party colour| | John Costigan (Lib-Cons) 778 |
William Blackwood Beveridge 549 |
James Workman 16 James Tibbetts 0 |
Benjamin Beveridge & Vital Hébert | |||
Southern New BrunswickEdit
QuebecEdit
Eastern QuebecEdit
Quebec City area and SaguenayEdit
Central QuebecEdit
Eastern TownshipsEdit
Montérégie EstEdit
Vallée-du-Haut-Saint-LaurentEdit
Hochelaga ArchipelagoEdit
| Electoral District | Candidates | Incumbent | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Winner | Runner up | Other | ||||||
| Hochelaga | Template:Canadian party colour| | Antoine-Aimé Dorion (Lib) 1,312 |
J. Lanouette 1,289 |
Template:Canadian party colour| | Antoine-Aimé Dorion (Rouge) | |||
| Jacques Cartier | Template:Canadian party colour| | Guillaume Gamelin Gaucher (Cons) 659 |
M. Brunet 542 |
Template:Canadian party colour| | Guillaume Gamelin Gaucher (Bleu) | |||
| Laval | Template:Canadian party colour| | Joseph-Hyacinthe Bellerose (Cons) acclaimed |
Template:Canadian party colour| | Joseph-Hyacinthe Bellerose (Bleu) | ||||
| Montreal Centre | Template:Canadian party colour| | Thomas Workman (Lib) acclaimed |
Template:Canadian party colour| | John Rose (Cons) | ||||
| Montreal East | Template:Canadian party colour| | George-Étienne Cartier (Lib-Cons) 2,431 |
M. Lanctot (Lib) 2,085 |
Template:Canadian party colour| | George-Étienne Cartier (Bleu) | |||
| Montreal West | Template:Canadian party colour| | Thomas D'Arcy McGee (Lib-Cons) 2,675 |
Bernard Devlin (Lib) 2,478 |
Template:Canadian party colour| | Thomas D'Arcy McGee (Cons) | |||
Laurentides & OutaouaisEdit
| Electoral District | Candidates | Incumbent | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Winner | Runner up | Other | ||||||
| Argenteuil | Template:Canadian party colour| | John Abbott (Lib-Cons) 693 |
B. Hutchins 595 |
Template:Canadian party colour| | John Abbott (Lib) | |||
| Ottawa (County of) | Template:Canadian party colour| | Alonzo Wright (Lib-Cons) acclaimed |
Template:Canadian party colour| | Alonzo Wright (Cons) | ||||
| Pontiac | Template:Canadian party colour| | Edmund Heath (Cons) acclaimed |
Template:Canadian party colour| | John Poupore (Bleu) | ||||
| Terrebonne | Template:Canadian party colour| | Louis-Rodrigue Masson (Cons) acclaimed |
Template:Canadian party colour| | Louis Labrèche-Viger (Lib) | ||||
| Two Mountains | Template:Canadian party colour| | Jean-Baptiste Daoust (Cons) acclaimed |
Template:Canadian party colour| | Jean-Baptiste Daoust (Reformer) | ||||
