1965 Canadian federal election

Template:Short description Template:Use mdy dates Template:Infobox election The 1965 Canadian federal election was held on November 8, 1965 to elect members of the House of Commons of Canada of the 27th Parliament of Canada. The Liberal Party of Prime Minister Lester B. Pearson was re-elected to government, winning more seats than any other party. It won more seats in the House even though it received a smaller share of the popular vote. It fell short of a majority government. It formed a minority government that due to support from other MPs, lasted three years.

Until the 2025 Canadian federal election, this was the last time a party won with more than 40% of the popular vote while failing to secure a majority government.

Overview

The Liberals campaigned on their record of having kept the promises made in the 1963 campaign, which included job creation, lowering income taxes, higher wages, higher family allowances and student loans. They promised to implement a national Medicare program by 1967, and the Canada Pension Plan system of public pensions. The party also urged voters to give them a majority for "five more years of prosperity". The party campaigned under the slogans, "Good Things Happen When a Government Cares About People", and, "For Continued Prosperity". However, the Liberals came up two seats short of a majority, largely due to being virtually nonexistent in the Prairies for the second consecutive election. They actually lost five seats in the region, the only survivor being Veterans Affairs Minister Roger Teillet.

The Progressive Conservative Party of John Diefenbaker, campaigning with the slogan, "Policies for People, Policies for Progress", gained a small number of seats. Despite losing a second time, Diefenbaker refused to resign as party leader, and was eventually forced from the position by a campaign by the party president Dalton Camp. Diefenbaker subsequently ran for re-election as leader in the party's 1967 leadership convention, but lost to Robert Stanfield.

Old age pensions were an important issue in this campaign. The Liberal Party pointed to having increased the pension to $75 per month for persons 70 years of age and older, planned to reduce the eligibility age to 65 by 1970 and also promised a "Canada Assistance Program" payment for seniors with lower incomes. The PCs promised to increase OAP to $100 per month for all those 70 years old and over.

The New Democratic Party of Tommy Douglas, campaigning under the slogan, "Fed up? Speak up! Vote for the New Democrats!", increased its share of the popular vote by more than four and a half percentage points, and became the third largest party in the House of Commons. However, it won only four more seats as it continued to fail to make the electoral break-through that was hoped for when the party was founded in 1960.

The Social Credit Party of Canada split in two before this election. Réal Caouette led French-Canadian Socreds out of the party into the new Ralliement créditiste (Social Credit Rally) but lost more than half of the party's Quebec seats. Robert N. Thompson continued to lead the Social Credit Party in English-speaking Canada, and actually managed to gain one seat outside Quebec although it was still fewer than the French-Canadian breakaway party. However, even the combined seat totals of the two factions would not have been enough to prevent the NDP from replacing Social Credit as the third largest party. The election would be the last time that the Social Credit Party elected federal candidates outside Quebec.

This was the first election for the Rhinoceros Party of Canada, a satirical party led by Cornelius the First. The party fielded only one candidate. Cornelius, a resident of the Granby zoo, did not seek election because Canadian election law does not permit rhinoceroses (or other zoo animals) to be nominated.

In order to govern, the minority Liberals relied on the New Democratic Party and occasionally other smaller opposition parties in order to remain in power. Pearson announced his intention to resign as Liberal leader in December 1967 and was replaced the following April by Pierre Trudeau.

Notably, this election marked the last time that a single conservative party did not win an absolute majority of the vote in Alberta (although the totals of the Progressive Conservatives and Social Credit combined did add up to over two thirds of the vote in that province).

Party platforms

Liberal Party:

• $500 million for medical and dental research over 15 years;
• $40 million university scholarship program over 2 years;
• improve crop insurance for farmers;
• create a national dairy marketing board;
• allow full-time farm workers to participate in Unemployment Insurance;
• increase old age security payments;
• $100 million programs to build roads in northern Canada;
• $25 million to support the coal industry in Nova Scotia.

Progressive Conservative Party:

• increase grants to universities;
• special tax deduction for gifts to universities;
• grants to support medical and dental research;
• establish a federal government grain agency;
• provide grants to farmers;
• increase old age security payments from $75 per month to $100 per month for senior citizens over the age of 70;
• create a national water conservation program, and divert water from northern Canada to southern regions;
• develop hydro-electric potential of Nelson River, Peace River and the Bay of Fundy;
• reduce corporate and personal income taxes;
• provide tax deductions for home-owners.

New Democratic Party:

• implement a national medicare program by July 1, 1967;
• eliminate university tuition fees;
• provide grants for universities' capital costs;
• increased funding for technical training;
• increase the minimum price for wheat;
• increase the old age security payment from $75 per month to $100 per month at age 65;
• implement economic planning program that lays down guidelines for wages and prices;
• halt unjustified price increases.

Social Credit Party:

• increased federal aid for education;
• introduce a non-compulsory medicare program;
• require the Bank of Canada to provide loans for government capital projects.

Ralliement des creditistes/Social Credit Rally:

• in lieu of a medicare program, provide government allowance to individuals to buy private medical insurance;
• subsidize farmers' crop losses;
• increase old age security payments to $100 per month immediately, and to $125 per month over time;
• require the Bank of Canada to pay $15 million of dividends to Canadians.

Source: The Globe and Mail newspaper, October 1965.

Electoral system

Most MPs were elected using First-past-the-post voting. But Halifax and the riding of Queen's (PEI) were two-seat districts, electing their MPs using plurality block voting. After this election, single-winner first past the post would be the only electoral system used to elect MPs.<ref>Parliamentary Guide 1969, p. 333–334</ref>

National results

File:1965 Canadian parliament.svg

Party		Party leader	# of candidates	Seats				Popular vote
				1963	Dissolution	Elected	% Change	#	%	Change	Liberal	Lester Pearson	265	128	128	131	+2.3%	3,099,521	40.18%	-1.34pp	Progressive Conservative	John Diefenbaker	265	95	95	97	+4.3%	2,500,113	32.41%	-0.31pp	New Democrats	Tommy Douglas	255	17	17	21	+23.5%	1,381,658	17.91%	+4.67pp	Ralliement créditiste	Real Caouette	77		19	9	-47.4%	359,258	4.66%		R.N. Thompson	86	24	4	5	-79%	282,454	3.66%	-8.26pp	Independent		24		-	1		52,155	0.68%	+0.61pp	Independent PC		4	-	-	1		13,198	0.17%	+0.15pp	Independent Liberal		10	-	-	-	-	16,738	0.22%	+0.03pp	William Kashtan	12	-	-	-	-	4,285	0.06%	x	New Capitalist	Frank O'Hearn	3			-		1,009	0.01%		Ouvrier Indépendant		2	-	-	-	-	650	0.01%	-0.01pp	Droit vital personnel	H-G Grenier	1			-		465	0.01%		Independent Social Credit		2	-	-	-	-	422	0.01%	x	Independent Conservative		1	-	-	-	-	373	x	x	Cornelius I	1			-		321	x		Republican		1			-		297	x		Progressive Workers		1			-		274	x		Socialist Labour		1	-	-	-	-	147	x	x
Total			1,011	265	265	265	-	7,713,338	100%
Sources: http://www.elections.ca History of Federal Ridings since 1867 Template:Webarchive

Notes:

"% change" refers to change from previous election

x - less than 0.005% of the popular vote

¹ "Previous" refers to the results of the previous election, not the party standings in the House of Commons prior to dissolution.

Results by province

Template:Canadian party colour

Party name			BC	AB	SK	MB	ON	QC	NB	NS	PE	NL	YK	NW	Total	Liberal	Seats:	7	-	-	1	51	56	6	2	-	7	-	1	131	Popular Vote:	30.0	22.4	24.0	31.0	43.6	45.6	47.5	42.0	44.1	64.1	44.8	56.2	40.2	Progressive Conservative	Seats:	3	15	17	10	25	8	4	10	4	-	1	-	97	Vote:	19.2	46.6	48.0	40.7	34.0	21.3	42.5	48.6	53.9	32.4	55.2	39.1	32.4	New Democrats	Seats:	9	-	-	3	9	-	-	-	-	-		-	21	Vote:	32.9	8.2	26.0	24.0	21.7	12.0	9.4	9.1	2.0	1.2		4.7	17.9	Ralliement créditiste	Seats:					-	9	-						9	Vote:					xx	17.5	0.4						4.7	Social Credit	Seats:	3	2	-	-	-		-			-			5	Vote:	17.4	22.5	1.9	4.3	0.4		0.1			1.6			3.7	Independent	Seats:						1							1	Vote:	0.2	0.1		0.1	0.2	2.1		0.3					0.7	Independent PC	Seats:					-	1							1	Vote:					xx	0.6							0.2
Total seats:			22	17	17	14	85	75	10	12	4	7	1	1	265
Parties that won no seats:
Independent Liberal	Vote:						0.8				0.7			0.2	Vote:	0.2	0.1	xx		xx	xx							0.1	New Capitalist	Vote:					xx								xx	Ouvrier Indépendant	Vote:						xx							xx	Droit vital personnel	Vote:						xx							xx	Independent Social Credit	Vote:	xx					xx							xx	Independent Conservative	Vote:					xx								xx	Vote:						xx							xx	Republican	Vote:						xx							xx	Progressive Workers	Vote:	xx												xx	Socialist Labour	Vote:					xx								xx

• xx - less than 0.05% of the popular vote

See also

• List of Canadian federal general elections
• List of political parties in Canada
• 27th Canadian Parliament

Further reading

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