1975 New Zealand general election
Template:Short description Template:Use New Zealand English Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox election The 1975 New Zealand general election was held on 29 November to elect MPs to the 38th session of the New Zealand Parliament. It was the first general election in New Zealand where 18- to 20-year-oldsTemplate:Sfn and all permanent residents of New Zealand were eligible to vote, although only citizens were able to be elected.
The National Party, led by Rob Muldoon, won 55 of the 87 seats over the Labour Party, led by Bill Rowling, in a landslide. The election saw the defeat of the Third Labour Government after only three years in office and the formation of the Third National Government. As of 2023, this is the most recent election where a government was voted out after one term.
BackgroundEdit
The incumbent Labour Party's decline in popularity during the previous term had as factors the death of its leader, Norman Kirk, economic decline triggered by the United Kingdom's accession to the European Communities—most importantly the European Economic Community (EEC)—and the 1973 oil crisis.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Following the sudden death of Labour leader Kirk, the party was led by Bill Rowling, a leader who was characterised as being weak and ineffectual by some political commentators. Labour's central campaign was the so-called "Citizens for Rowling" petition which attacked National leader Robert Muldoon's forthright leadership style. This campaign was largely seen as having backfired on Labour.
The National Party responded with the formation of "Rob's Mob". As former Minister of Finance in the previous National government, Muldoon focused on the economic impact of Labour's policies; National's campaign advertising suggested that Labour's recently introduced compulsory personal superannuation scheme would result in the government owning the New Zealand economy by using the worker's money, akin to a communist state. Muldoon argued that his New Zealand superannuation scheme could be funded from future taxes rather than an additional tax on current wages.
In July 1974, Muldoon as opposition leader had promised to cut immigration and to "get tough" on law and order issues. He criticised the Labour government's immigration policies for contributing to the economic recession and a housing shortage which undermined the New Zealand "way of life".
During the 1975 general elections, the National Party had also played an electoral advertisement that was later criticized for stoking negative racial sentiments about Polynesian migrants.<ref name="National Party advertisment">Template:Cite AV media</ref>
The campaign also achieved notoriety due to an infamous television commercial featuring "Dancing Cossacks", which was produced by Hanna Barbera on behalf of National's ad agency Colenso.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
A consummate orator and a skilled television performer, Muldoon's powerful presence on screen increased his popularity with voters.Template:Sfn
MPs retiring in 1975Edit
Four National MPs and Three Labour MPs intended to retire at the end of the 37th Parliament:
| Party | Name | Electorate | Term of office | Date announced | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| rowspan=4 style="background-color: Template:Party color" | | National | Percy Allen | Bay of Plenty | Template:Centre | before 20 August 1974<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> |
| Logan Sloane | Hobson | Template:Centre | 22 April 1974<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> | ||
| Sir Jack Marshall | Karori | Template:Centre | 20 December 1974<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> | ||
| Douglas Carter | Raglan | Template:Centre | 5 August 1974<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> | ||
| rowspan=3 style="background-color: Template:Party color" | | Labour | Norman Douglas | Auckland Central | Template:Centre | 16 October 1974<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> |
| Ethel McMillan | Dunedin North | Template:Centre | 17 October 1974<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> | ||
| Hugh Watt | Onehunga | Template:Centre | 20 June 1975<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> | ||
Opinion pollingEdit
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| Poll | Date<ref group="nb" name="dates">These are the survey dates of the poll, or if the survey dates are not stated, the date the poll was released.</ref> | National | Labour | Socred | Values | Lead |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| class="unsortable" style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color; width:60px;"| | class="unsortable" style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color; width:60px;"| | class="unsortable" style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color; width:60px;"| | class="unsortable" style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color; width:60px;"| | |||
| 1975 election result | 29 Nov 1975 | 47.59 | 39.56 | 7.43 | 5.19 | 8.03 |
| NRB | Nov 1975 | 46 | 44 | 6 | 4 | 2 |
| TVNZ Heylen | Nov 1975 | 44 | 43 | 7 | 5 | 1 |
| NRB | Sep 1975 | 52 | 39 | 5 | 4 | 13 |
| TVNZ Heylen | Sep 1975 | 51 | 42 | 5 | 3 | 9 |
| TVNZ Heylen | Jul 1975 | 50 | 42 | 5 | 3 | 8 |
| NRB | Jul 1975 | 51 | 40 | 5 | 4 | 11 |
| TVNZ Heylen | May 1975 | 49 | 42 | 5 | 4 | 7 |
| NRB | Mar 1975 | 46 | 42 | 6 | 6 | 4 |
| TVNZ Heylen | Feb 1975 | 48 | 46 | 5 | 2 | 2 |
| NRB | Nov 1974 | 44 | 44 | 7 | 4 | Tie |
| TVNZ Heylen | Sep 1974 | 45 | 47 | 5 | 3 | 2 |
| NRB | Sep 1974 | 40 | 50 | 5 | 4 | 10 |
| N/A | 31 August 1974 | Death of Prime Minister Norman Kirk, Bill Rowling Becomes Prime Minister | ||||
| NRB | May 1974 | 44 | 44 | 5 | 5 | Tie |
| NRB | Nov 1973 | 44 | 47 | 6 | 1 | 3 |
| NRB | May 1973 | 39 | 51 | 5 | 1 | 12 |
| 1972 election result | 25 Nov 1972 | 41.50 | 48.37 | 6.65 | 1.96 | 6.87 |
ResultsEdit
The final results saw National win 55 seats, and Labour 32 seats. The party seat numbers were an exact opposite of the 1972 election, when Labour won 55 seats to National's 32. This election also represented the biggest swing against a sitting government since 1935, outdoing the previous record set in 1972.
Robert Muldoon replaced Bill Rowling as Prime Minister, ending the term of the Third Labour government, and beginning the term of the Third National government. No minor parties won seats, though the election saw the best ever result for New Zealand's first green political party, Values. There were 1,953,050 electors on the roll, with 1,603,733 (82.11%) voting.
While Muldoon would be re-elected twice, this would be the only time between 1969 and 1990 that National polled more votes than Labour.
Notable electorate results included the election of two Māori MPs to general seats; the first time that any Māori had been elected to a non-Māori electorate since James Carroll in 1893. The MPs in question were Ben Couch in Wairarapa and Rex Austin in Awarua.
In Template:NZ electorate link and Template:NZ electorate link, Labour was first on election night but lost when special votes were counted.
| Party | Candidates | Total votes | Percentage | Seats won | Change | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Template:Party name with colour | 87 | 763,136 | 47.59 | 55 | +23 | |
| Template:Party name with colour | 87 | 634,453 | 39.56 | 32 | -23 | |
| Template:Party name with colour | 87 | 119,147 | 7.43 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Template:Party name with colour | 87 | 83,241 | 5.19 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Socialist Unity | 15 | 408 | 0.03 | 0 | ±0 | |
| National Socialist | 1 | 19 | 0.00 | - | ±0 | |
| Template:Party name with colour | 67 | 3,756 | 0.23 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Total | 415 | 1,603,733 | 87 | |||
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Votes summaryEdit
Template:Bar box <section begin="Electorate results" />The table below shows the results of the 1975 general election:
Key
Template:Party index link Template:Party index link Template:Party index link
Template:NZ electorate result start |-
|colspan=8 style="background-color:#FFDEAD" | General electorates
|- Template:NZ electorate result change Template:NZ electorate result hold Template:NZ electorate result change Template:NZ electorate result change Template:NZ electorate result change Template:NZ electorate result hold Template:NZ electorate result hold Template:NZ electorate result hold Template:NZ electorate result hold Template:NZ electorate result change Template:NZ electorate result hold Template:NZ electorate result change Template:NZ electorate result hold Template:NZ electorate result hold Template:NZ electorate result change Template:NZ electorate result hold Template:NZ electorate result change Template:NZ electorate result change Template:NZ electorate result change Template:NZ electorate result hold Template:NZ electorate result hold Template:NZ electorate result hold Template:NZ electorate result change Template:NZ electorate result hold Template:NZ electorate result change Template:NZ electorate result hold Template:NZ electorate result change Template:NZ electorate result change Template:NZ electorate result hold Template:NZ electorate result change Template:NZ electorate result hold Template:NZ electorate result hold Template:NZ electorate result hold Template:NZ electorate result change Template:NZ electorate result change Template:NZ electorate result hold Template:NZ electorate result hold Template:NZ electorate result hold Template:NZ electorate result hold Template:NZ electorate result hold Template:NZ electorate result change Template:NZ electorate result hold Template:NZ electorate result change Template:NZ electorate result change Template:NZ electorate result change Template:NZ electorate result hold Template:NZ electorate result hold Template:NZ electorate result hold Template:NZ electorate result change Template:NZ electorate result hold Template:NZ electorate result hold Template:NZ electorate result hold Template:NZ electorate result hold Template:NZ electorate result change Template:NZ electorate result hold Template:NZ electorate result change Template:NZ electorate result hold Template:NZ electorate result hold Template:NZ electorate result hold Template:NZ electorate result hold Template:NZ electorate result hold Template:NZ electorate result hold Template:NZ electorate result hold Template:NZ electorate result hold Template:NZ electorate result hold Template:NZ electorate result hold Template:NZ electorate result hold Template:NZ electorate result hold Template:NZ electorate result hold Template:NZ electorate result hold Template:NZ electorate result change Template:NZ electorate result hold Template:NZ electorate result hold Template:NZ electorate result hold Template:NZ electorate result change Template:NZ electorate result change Template:NZ electorate result hold Template:NZ electorate result hold Template:NZ electorate result hold Template:NZ electorate result hold Template:NZ electorate result change Template:NZ electorate result change Template:NZ electorate result hold |-
|colspan=8 style="background-color:#FFDEAD" | Māori electorates
|- Template:NZ electorate result hold Template:NZ electorate result hold Template:NZ electorate result hold Template:NZ electorate result hold |} Table footnotes: Template:Reflist<section end="Electorate results" />
Post-election eventsEdit
A number of local by-elections were required due to the resignations of incumbent local body politicians following the general election:
- A by-election occurred for the Invercargill City Council after councillor Norman Jones resigned after being elected to parliament, prompting a by-election. Jones was replaced on the council by J. B. Munro, whom he defeated at the parliamentary election.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- There was a by-election for Mayor of Hamilton. Mayor Mike Minogue resigned after he was elected as MP for Template:NZ electorate link. The by-election was win by leader of the Social Credit Party, Bruce Beetham, who had contested Template:NZ electorate link in 1975.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
NotesEdit
ReferencesEdit
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External linksEdit
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